Slide 1

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 2

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 3

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 4

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 5

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 6

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 7

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 8

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 9

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 10

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 11

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 12

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 13

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 14

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 15

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 16

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 17

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 18

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 19

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 20

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 21

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 22

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 23

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 24

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 25

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 26

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 27

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 28

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 29

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 30

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 31

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 32

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 33

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 34

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 35

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 36

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 37

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 38

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 39

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 40

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting


Slide 41

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM

A Disciplined Approach to Emergency
Management
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg Consulting
Duncan, British Columbia
CANADA
EnviroEmerg.ca

A Disciplined Approach

This presentation focuses on a disciplined approach to emergency
management for all threats and for all scales using the application
of the Incident Command System (ICS) as an example.

There are a variety of emergency management systems that are a disciplinary
approach that promotes responder safety and effective response.

A Disciplined Approach - the benefits

A disciplined approach to emergency management:
 Protects responder safety;

 Gets the critical goods and services to the people that need it;
 Fosters relationships and respect within the Response Community,
and
 Builds both capability and capacity in emergency preparedness.

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In the hierarchy of emergency management, the greatest level of discipline
is required among those people actually managing the incident at the “site”
and those providing the tactical delivery of critical goods and services to
affected stakeholders “in the field”.
This distance can be viewed to as the “Last Furlong” in
emergency response.

Incident Management
(Site)

Incident and Tactical Response
(Field)

A Disciplined Approach - the last furlong
In horse racing, the last furlong is the final stretch of the race that is
the most challenging to horse and rider.
In battle, the last furlong is the dangerous ground soldiers bolt over
to overcome the enemy.
In emergencies, the last furlong is the final steps to provide critical
goods and services to affected people, business and/or
environments.
“The Last Furlong” emphasizes these are tough, dangerous, demanding places to
work and requires a high degree of discipline to focus on the objectives and getting
the job done.

A Disciplined Approach – emergency hierarchy
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong!
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach - integrated response
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

The “site” and “field”
are where…..
Integration
Direct
Development
supervision
with
of other
of
field personnel
incident
government
objectives
jurisdictions
(e.g.and
field
crews)
response
and
theoccurs
Responsible
strategies Party
occur occurs
(Spiller)

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

FIELD
Tactical Operations

The Last
Furlong

A Disciplined Approach - performance based
POLICY GROUP
(Executive)

EMERGENCY SUPPORT
Emergency Coordination Centre

As such, the “site”
and “field” are the…..
The
The
greatest
greatest
potential
Highest
level
of
Highest
levelpotential
of
for
for
success
failure
performance
response
accountability
organization

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (SITE)
Incident Command Post

The Last
Furlong
FIELD
Tactical Operations

A Disciplined Approach – defining the problem
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management
Routine spills, vehicle accidents, house fires generally initiate resource
deployment from multiple dispatch centers such as for:
 Fire
 Police
 Ambulance
 Towing
 Public Works

Which can result in

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without Incident Management Cont…
LITTLE OR NO INTEGRATED FIELD TACTICS. INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT IS OFTEN MISSING OR POORLY DEFINED
Fire
Support

Dispatch

Site
Management

Ambulance

Police

Public Works

Dispatch

Dispatch

Dispatch

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD – Tactical Delivery
Field
Fire Truck & Fire Fighters, Ambulance and Attendants, Police Car and Police,
Hazmat Truck and Hazardous Material Specialists, Tow-truck and operator

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #1 – Convergence without
Incident Management Cont…
Where is the ….

• Incident Commander?
• Staging Area?
• Safety Officer?
• Control Zones?
Convergence of resources
does not equal integration
of response activities nor a
disciplined approach to
emergency management

FIELD

SITE

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Centre
Large, complex events such as a flood, train derailment, earthquake can
result in each responding agency - and for spills the Responsible Party –
managing the incident from their respective Emergency Operations Centre
(EOC) located at their headquarters and/or regional office.

A Disciplined Approach
PROBLEM #2 – Delivering Incident Management at a Support-level
Emergency Coordination Centre Cont…

Support

Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Responsible
Party (Spiller)
Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Limited liaison between centers
Site
Management

Field

WHERE IS INCIDENT MANAGEMENT??

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services
to affected stakeholders and the environment
Tactical personnel responding without strategic direction

A Disciplined Approach - whether large or small events
Local
Government

Regional
Government

Federal
Government

First
Nations

Responsible
Party (Spiller)

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Policy
Group

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Emergency
Operations
[Coordination]
Centre

Support
Site
Management

THIS IS WHERE
INCIDENTCOMMAND
MANAGEMENT
OCCURS
INCIDENT
POST

The Last
Furlong

FIELD OPERATIONS
Responding people and equipment providing goods and services to affected
stakeholders and the environment

A Disciplined Approach – environmental emergencies
Managing emergencies has two fundamental challenges:


to make the environment or community whole
again by striving for a net environmental and
social benefit, and



to make the affected community whole again by
recognizing and respecting local values.

These challenges have be achieved by people you have may never have met
before, with limited resources, and under political/corporate pressure

A Disciplined Approach – key elements for success

Discipline and going the last furlong requires
responders:


To establish an Incident Commander.



To work together as a single Incident
Management Team.



To apply an incident organization and protocols
that are fully understood.

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post


Three fundamental features delineate an Incident Command Post:

1.
2.

The first line of communication and supervision to field personnel;
Where tactical (operational) planning and decisions are undertaken;
and
Where command is established among multiple participating agencies
and Responsible Party (spiller).

3.

It is important to title and use a facility
according to what it does - not its location
or pre-designations.

Incident
Command
Post Icon

A Disciplined Approach – incident command post
Some common issues in ensuring a disciplined approach to emergency
management are:
 Understanding that the “First Responder” is often the “Incident
Commander”;

 Designating an ICP such as with a green flashing light, green
marker cones, green signage, green vest of the Incident
Commander, or combinations thereof.
 Realizing that the first ICP may not be appropriately located or too
small, and

 Understanding that the ICP and the people therein manage the
incident, not the consequences.
A “roving” Incident Commander is not a disciplined approach to
emergency management.

A Disciplined Approach
An Incident Command Post can be:

Incident Management can be:

 A Spot on the Ground

 A single Incident Commander

 A Vehicle

 Several Incident Commanders

 A Command Post Trailer

 A team of responders

 A Building
Regardless of the size and complexity of the incident, there must
always be incident management at the site to guide field
operations - hence an Incident Commander is always need.

THE APPLICATION OF A DISCIPLINE APPROACH
ESSENTIALLY BEGINS WITH THE INCIDENT COMMANDER

SITE SUPPORT FROM EMERGENCY
OPERATIONS CENTERS

A Disciplined Approach

Resources:

People &
Equipment

Incident Command Post

Incident Management Team
Incident Management System

Field Situation
Information
Tactical Direction
FIELD–Tactical Operations

INCIDENT
ACTION PLAN

SITE–Incident Management

A Disciplined Approach – using the incident command
system
The definition of the Incident Command System - commonly referred to as
the ICS:
The ICS is a standardized, on-scene, all-hazard incident management
organization deployed at the site of an incident to directly supervise field
operations. It is a flexible, scalable response organization providing a
common framework within which people can work together effectively.
These people may be drawn from multiple
agencies, companies, departments that do not
necessarily routinely work together - or even met
before

A Disciplined Approach - the ICS is a tool for response

The Incident Command System (ICS)
is a tool for the command, control and
coordination of resources during an
activity or incident.
It consists of procedures for
organizing personnel, facilities,
equipment, and communications.

ICS affects all aspects of
emergency management

A Disciplined Approach – incident command system
The Incident Command System is an internationally proven emergency
management system that is delivered at the Incident Command Post at the
site-level. The ICS:
 Establishes the organization of an Incident Management Team;
 Systematically gathers field information, evaluates it, and prepares
situation reports;
 Develops incident action plans and response objectives
 Tasks and supervises field responders;
 Fosters integration and cooperation with responding agencies and the
Responsible Party.

INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM
Organization at an Incident Command Post
There is always an
Incident Commander

ICS has a standardized functional names, positions, reporting
relationships and missions.
Only the staffing and functions needed are invoked based on the
demands of the incident.

The organization under the Operations Section is
developed in accordance to the tactical needs of
the incident and responding agencies.

A Disciplined Approach - building capacity
Main functional areas in ICS
to foster convergence and
integration

With ICS, combining personnel from multiple agencies and
with the Responsible Party – and its contractors/consultants
– can occur anywhere within the ICS organization to create
an integrated Incident Management Team.
This attribute of ICS builds capacity.

Environmental
Unit**

** An Environmental Unit is not universally
applied to ICS but is becoming more common to
foster government/stakeholder integration for
establishing response priorities

A Disciplined Approach – ICS responder tasks & deliverables

Within the ICS system, is very defined process
for each responder according to and by function.
For each function, a responder is provided:
 A primary duty;
 Who he/she is reports to;
 Who is supervised;
 List of tasks and responsibilities;

 Products required and when (deliverables);
 What meetings to attend and when;
 Colour designations for vest;
 Where to be stationed, and more.

A Disciplined Approach – unified command

“Unified Command” is a corner stone of the Incident Command
System that addresses the question:
How do we work together?**

** Contrary to old school thinking of
“Whose in Charge?”

A Disciplined Approach - Foundation of Unified Command
The foundation of Unified
Command is “Respect”
Choosing or acceptance of a candidate for unified command is not
necessarily based on “who has the most authority” or “the biggest
toys.” It is based on who has the mission to protect people, property
and the environment AND/OR who as a “governance” accountability to
ensure their constituent or corporate interests are being met.

A Disciplined Approach
Definition of Unified Command
A team effort which allows all agencies with responsibility for the incident to jointly
provide management direction to an incident through a common set of incident
objectives and strategies established at the command level.
This is accomplished without any participating
agency and company abrogating their
legislated responsibilities or accountabilities

A Disciplined Approach

Support from each agencies respective
Emergency Operations Center

INCIDENT COMMAND POST

A

Incident – fire, flood,
spill, etc - affects more
than one jurisdiction or
involves a Responsible
Party (spiller)

B

Responsible Party
(Spiller)

An Integrated Incident
Management Team at site

Tactical Direction and
Supervision

Field Observations and
Information Gathering

FIELD – Tactical Delivery

C

A Disciplined Approach - unified command protocol
Under unified command, their is recognition that the representative (agency
and/or Responsible Party) with majority role is the “spokesperson” for
unified command and has the major decision-making weight.
Major role is based o: 1) tactical resources available, 2) who is paying for
the response, 3) or both. The majority role can change over as the incident
evolves.
Example: Structural Fire involving hazardous materials, the spokesperson
“majority” weight during:

•fire-fighting phase: local government Fire Chief (has mandate and tactical
resources
•haz-mat mitigation phase: Responsible Party (has responsibility and
paying the cost).

A Disciplined Approach

Federal
Government

Responsible
Party
(Spiller)

Local
Government

Provincial
Government
First
Nations

Situation Briefing of Incident Commanders

A Disciplined Approach - advantages of unified command
Advantages of Unified Command
 One set of objectives for the entire incident and a collective approach to
developing response strategies.
 Improved information flow and coordination between all jurisdictions and
agencies involved in the incident.
 No agency’s or company’s authority or legal requirements compromised or
neglected.
 Each agency and company is fully aware of the plans, actions, and
constraints of all others.
 The combined efforts of all agencies and private-sector is optimized as they
perform their respective assignments under a single Incident Action Plan.
 Duplicative efforts are reduced or eliminated reducing cost and chances for
frustration and conflict.

A Disciplined Approach - arriving on site
When arriving on site, it is important to delineate your role as
either an:
 Incident Commander,
 IMT position (Officer, Chief, Director, Leader)
 Technical Specialist (Shoreline Assessment, Fire
Behavour, Meteorologist),
 Tactical Operations (Supervisor, Worker)

Are you: representing, monitoring, advising,
authorizing, spending, directing?????

A Disciplined Approach - getting bigger …. faster

The Incident Command System facilitates getting bigger faster, but there is
a common perception that response management only designed for small
geographically confined events.
NOT TRUE…
Response management can range from a single, confined incident – house
fire, vehicle accident, crime scene to a wide-spread, multi-incident event
such as a forest fire, flood, or severe storm.

A Disciplined Approach - geographically wide-spread events
To effectively address wide-spread, multiple incidents there are two
fundamental approaches either:
1. Build a robust organization by invoking “Functional Operations” “Branches,
Divisions, Groups or
2. Establish multiple Incident Command Posts.
MAKING THE STRATEGIC CHOICE AND BUILDING THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM FOR COMPLEX INCIDENTS IS WELL-DEFINED IN ICS, BUT POORLY
UNDERSTOOD AND RARELY IMPLEMENTED.

The biggest challenge for a geographically wide-spread event is
for fire, police, ambulance and other local responders to
establish an Incident Command Post located out of the chaos. It
takes discipline to “step-away” from tactics to ensuring a robust
management structure.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Deals with the "emotional" and "trust" aspects first, before getting to
content;



Recognize the first response from dispatch centers does not equate to
managing the entire incident - nevertheless, its takes only a few
qualified people to make things happen.



Understand the differences between managing the “incident” versus
managing the “consequences”.



A “lead agency” by mandate or “Responsible Party” does not necessary
equate to leadership or capability - but still entitled to respect.

A Disciplined Approach – summary


A lead government agency or corporate representation in Command
means guiding ALL their respective government/companies integration
and performance;



The degree of government/industry integration doesn't have to last
forever, but the respect, rules of engagement do.



How well emergency management from a relationship - not tactical standpoint will largely influence incident follow-up activities and future
events. (Don’t burn bridges).



When arriving on site, clearly delineate your role as either an: Incident
Commander, IMT position, technical specialist, tactical operations (look
like the position).



Look out for "committees" - particularly in the Planning - that look at
emergency issues in consecutively rather than concurrently.



All members within an Incident Management Team must have both
representation and accountability to an Incident Commander. Its the
only way to get rid of an “AO”

A Disciplined Approach – summary


Established site management regardless of the size or complexity of
the incident (Invoke an Incident Commander).



Converge at the site (Incident Command Post) first - not in the field – to
obtain situation briefing, safety orientation, develop incident objectives
and response strategies.



Foster a pattern, attitude and philosophy of unified command and an
integrating Incident Management Team (Share the Responsibility).



Recognize that the “spokesperson” for a unified command can change
as the incident unfolds.



Ensure supporting emergency coordination centers do not become
tactical in nature.



Establish joint government/industry incident objectives and response
strategies at the site based on field observations, stakeholder
consultations, and technical specialists.

A Disciplined Approach


Write common incident messages for the public and situation reports for
policy groups (One message: One evaluation).



Strive for efficiency within the incident management organization (Be hard
on process, easy on people).



For escalating emergencies, grow bigger faster.



For complex incidents – geographically wide-spread and/or multiple events
– either build the organization under “Operations OR establish more than
one Incident Command Post.



Don’t relinquish a “command role” just because your “tactical” function is
completed, there may still be a need for jurisdictional representation.

A Disciplined Approach - thank you
An integrated Incident
Management Team:
•Company (RP)
•Response Contractors
•Regional Government
•Local Government

•Federal Government
Stafford Reid
EnviroEmerg
Consulting