Slide 1

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 2

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 3

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 4

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 5

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 6

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 7

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 8

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 9

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 10

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 11

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 12

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 13

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 14

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 15

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 16

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 17

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 18

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 19

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 20

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 21

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 22

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 23

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 24

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 25

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 26

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 27

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 28

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 29

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 30

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 31

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 32

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 33

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 34

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 35

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 36

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 37

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 38

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 39

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 40

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 41

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 42

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 43

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 44

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 45

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 46

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 47

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 48

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 49

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 50

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 51

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 52

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 53

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 54

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 55

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 56

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 57

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 58

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 59

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 60

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”


Slide 61

Modern Etiquette for Non-Indian

Visitors to Indian Country

Copyright © 2007 by A. Marvin McInnis

Disclaimer
• Scope: Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona.
• Much of the material presented here is
derived from personal experience.
• I have tried to research the cultural and/or
historical basis for the etiquette I describe.
• Still … some of what I will say is virtually
guaranteed to be wrong.
• Remember … each person you meet will
embody a unique combination of traditional
and modern cultural values.

Why Etiquette?
• All cultures practice it in some form, but the
details vary widely
• A component of hospitality
• Facilitates personal relationships
• The basic function of etiquette is to make the
other person more comfortable
• Specific details are often derived from other
cultural practices, taboos, and/or superstitions

Before You Go:
• Do your homework
• Research the cultures
you are likely to
encounter
• Check for scheduled
events (Powwows,
Cultural Expositions,
Ceremonies, etc.)
• Read popular literature
(e.g. Tony Hillerman)

Before You Go:
• Don’t expect too much,
especially your first trip
• Be open to new ideas
and experiences
• Make sure that your car
is in good shape!
• Take appropriate
clothing: jeans, boots,
hat, poncho, etc.

One Good Reason Why Boots are Recommended

General Etiquette

General Etiquette
• Non-Indians have no legal right to be on
reservation land … you are a visitor.
• First visit? Stop by the Tribal office.
• These are small, conservative communities.
As a non-Indian, you WILL be noticed.
• First impressions are important.
• Don’t dress or act like “just another tourist.”
• Dress modestly … no shorts, sandals, halter
tops, Hawaiian shirts, etc.

General Etiquette
• STFU!!! “White people talk too much.”
• Basic concept: Words have inherent power,
and they should be used carefully.
• Navajo: Speaking a word is almost the
equivalent of doing or inviting what the word
represents.
• Listen. Become familiar with the relaxed
cadence of Indian speech. Don’t interrupt.
• Whey you do speak, speak softly and
deliberately. Pause frequently.

The “Gersi Approach”

General Etiquette
• Use the “Gersi approach.” Sit and quietly
observe for a while before approaching.
• Avoid anything that draws undue attention to
a particular person, animal, or object.

• Don’t point at a person or object with your
extended finger … very rude.
• Instead, gesture with your head, pursed lips,
and/or chin.
• Don’t stare … considered rude or hostile.

Taos Pueblo

General Etiquette
• Stay in the common areas of a village.
Respect “Off Limits” signs.
• Never approach or enter a house without a
clear invitation.

• Cameras may or may not be allowed. Ask
permission before taking a person’s picture.
• Don’t offer to buy something unless you’re
absolutely sure it’s for sale.
• If someone’s wearing it, it’s not for sale!

General Etiquette
• Don’t climb on ladders, walls, or other
structures.
• Never approach or try to look into a
ceremonial kiva or hogan.

• Do not enter graveyards.
• Don’t pick up or remove any artifacts you
may see lying on the ground.
• Don’t take any object (even a rock) as a
souvenir.

General Etiquette
• No alcohol, drugs, or firearms on Indian land.
• No pets.
• Try to visit trading posts that cater primarily
to the Indian trade rather than to tourists.
• Traders can be a good source of local
information. Some traders are admired and
respected by their Indian customers, some are
not. Try to learn which is which.
• Be genuinely interested. Be sincere. Be
yourself. Have fun.

View from Toadlena Trading Post

One on One

One on One
• Focus on relationships, not just experiences.
• Remember that each person is unique.
• Don’t offer (or expect) a firm first handshake
… especially from a Navajo.
• Don’t address an older person by their name
alone … “Grandmother” or “Grandfather” is
considered respectful.
• Try to mirror the other person’s social
behavior. Let them lead.

One on One
• Listen attentively.
• Don’t look the other person straight in the eye
… or at least don’t stare. Try to focus on
his/her lips instead.

• Don’t speak until you are sure the other
person has finished. Expect many pauses.
• When you speak, speak softly and
deliberately.
• Never ask about: Tribal politics, religion,
witchcraft, or other sensitive cultural issues.

One on One
• Try to avoid asking direct questions … except
in commercial situations.
• Information and knowledge are generally
shared only on a “Need to Know” basis.

• The answer to a direct question is often either
silence or “I don’t know.”
• Either response usually means that you
shouldn’t have asked the question.
• Try to pose questions in an open-ended,
declarative form.

One on One
• Never ask about the religious or cultural
symbolism in a piece of artwork, jewelry, etc.
• Any explanation you receive may be evasive
or bogus … often made up on the spot.

• However … If a sentence begins with “Some
people say …” or “It is said …” listen!
• “Some people say…” is the Indian equivalent
of “You didn’t hear it from me, but ….”
• Try to learn a few words in the traditional
languages, and how to pronounce them.

All-American Family

One on One
• Don’t openly admire a personal article:
jewelry, clothing, etc.
• Admiration may cause discomfort by
invoking a traditional “give away” obligation.

• Limit your use of “Please” and “Thank You.”
• Humor is good, but use with caution. Avoid
sarcasm, as well as jokes about other tribes.
• Don’t haggle over purchases … negotiate.
• Show a genuine interest in Indian children …
but use common sense.

Watching the Parade

Cultural Events

Cultural Events
• A great opportunity to meet
Indian people.
• Commercial Dance
Performances
• Closed Dances and
Ceremonials
• Powwows
• Public Cultural Expositions
• Open Ceremonial Dances

Commercial Dance Performances
• Usually superficial … intended primarily for
casual tourists and/or children.
• Often culturally bogus and contrived.
• Cameras and applause are expected and
encouraged.
• Tipping is usually encouraged.
• You probably won’t learn anything new or
worthwhile about Indian culture.
• Bottom line: Don’t take them too seriously!

Closed Dances and Ceremonials
• Closed to non-Indians … with very few
exceptions.
• Taos: The Pueblo is closed to all outsiders for
6 to 8 weeks every spring.

• Navajo: Often held by a single family, and
limited to family members and close friends.
• Pueblo: Dances usually held by a single clan,
village, or secret society (kiva).
• Bottom line: Don’t go unless you have a very
specific invitation and an Indian sponsor.

Powwows

Powwows
Pow Wow time is the Native
American people’s way of
meeting together, to join in
dancing, singing, visiting,
renewing old friendships and
make new ones.
This is a time to renew
thought of the old ways and to
preserve a rich heritage.
Photo: (unknown)

Powwow Etiquette
1) Dress and act appropriately.
2) Pointing with the fingers is considered poor
manners. If you must point, use your head
and nod.

3) The seating around the Arena is reserved for
dancers in regalia.
4) Pets should be left at home.
5) Listen to the Master of Ceremonies.

Powwow Etiquette
6) Pictures should NOT be taken during
Veterans Songs, Flag Songs, or Prayers.
7) Respect the Head Man and Head Woman
Dancers.

8) Show respect to the Flag, Honor and Veterans
songs.
9) Some songs have special eligibility rules in
order to participate.
10) Please stand and remove hats during the
Flag Song.

Powwow Etiquette
11) Most Pow Wows are non-profit and depend
upon donations for support.
12) Certain items should be worn only by those
qualified to do so.

13) Giveaways are held at many dances.
14) If you wish to ask for a special song from a
drum, talk to the Area Director.
15) Before sitting at a drum, ask permission
from the Head singer.

Powwow Etiquette
16) If at any time you are uncertain of
procedure, etc., please check with the MC,
Arena Director, or Head Singer.
17) Unless you are sure spectator seating will be
provided, bring a chair.
18) Alcohol, recreational drugs and firearms are
prohibited.

19) If you see a lost feather, or you yourself
drop a feather, do NOT pick it up.

Powwow Etiquette
20) Before dancing barefoot speak with the
Arena Director.
21) Ask before dancing while carrying an infant
or small child. In some places this is OK; in
other places it is contrary to local etiquette.
22) If you have a question, ask. Most dancers,
singers, elders and staff are happy to help.
Offer a small, symbolic gift to those who help
you.

Powwows
• Usually intertribal, but may be held by a
single tribe, clan, or family. Non-Indians are
not always welcome. Ask first.
• Non-Indians do not dance unless specifically
invited.
• Consider leaving immediately if alcohol or
drugs are present.

• You don’t want to be the only non-Indian
around if old animosities surface and things
start to get ugly.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Red Earth
• Oklahoma City
• Each June since 1987

• Primarily Oklahoma and
Plains tribes

Photo: Red Earth, Inc.

Public Cultural Expositions
• Gathering of Nations
Powwow
• Albuquerque
• Each April since 1983
• Primarily Plains, Western,
and Southwestern tribes

Photo: Gathering of Nations, LLC

Public Cultural Expositions
• American Indian
Exposition
• Anadarko, OK
• Each August since 1924
• Almost exclusively
Oklahoma and Plains tribes,
plus Ft. Sill Apache

Public Cultural Expositions
• Intertribal Indian
Ceremonial
• Gallup, NM
• Each August since 1922
• Primarily Navajo, Zuni,
Hopi, Apache, and Rio
Grande Pueblos
• A near “total
immersion” experience

Public Cultural Expositions
• Culturally legitimate dance exhibitions
• Dance competitions and rodeos
• Juried art exhibits

• Traditional crafts exhibitions
• Educational presentations
• Art/craft markets
• Food markets (yum … frybread!)
• Parades

Apache Gan Dancers

Parade Day
in Gallup

Navajo Nation Band

Navajo Nation Band

Public Cultural Expositions
• Cameras generally allowed at most activities
… but not all. Check first.
• Applause may or may not be appropriate,
depending upon the activity. Use caution.

• Powwows … officially sanctioned or
otherwise … are usually held in conjunction
with most Cultural Expos.
• You may observe first hand some interesting
cultural stuff not often seen.

Apache Gan Dancers …
Still Feared by Some Navajos

Open Ceremonial Dances
• These are, first and foremost, religious
observances. They are not performances, and
not held for tourists. Each dance is a prayer.
• Non-masked dances: Typical of Rio Grande
Pueblos, often open to non-Indians.
• Masked dances: Typically Hopi, Zuni. May
or may not be open to any outsiders.

• Always ask first (open or closed), but be
careful whom you ask.
• Appropriate dress is especially important.

Feast Day Dances
• Pueblo Feast Days are very accessible and
highly recommended.
• Santo Domingo: More than 1000 dancers!
• “It’s the day we dance and pray for the whole
world.”
• Cameras, cell phones, recording devices, and
sketching are strictly prohibited and may be
confiscated by the Tribal Police.
• Observe the dances quietly and respectfully.

Feast Day Dances
• Try to position yourself politely behind the
Indian spectators.
• Applause is never appropriate.
• Don’t disrupt the dances by talking or asking
questions. You may talk quietly during the
brief intermissions.
• Don’t point or wave … especially at any of
the dancers, young or old.
• Do not obstruct or try to talk to the dancers.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not walk across the dance grounds. It is
generally permissible to walk around the
perimeter during the brief intermissions.
• Stay completely away from the Koshare or
Koyemsi … the so-called “Sacred Clowns” of
Pueblo ceremonialism.
• The Koshare and Koyemsi are often among
the most sacred actors in these dances.
• For several reasons, you absolutely do not
want to mess with any of them!

Feast Day Dances
• Stay clear of the ceremonial kivas. There will
be a lot of traffic into and out of them by the
dancers and the Koshare.
• If you arrive early and observe carefully …
you may see some unexpected things.
 A mother and child quietly stepping out of
the crowd and sprinkling sacred corn meal
or corn pollen on the dance grounds.
 Koshare behaving badly … sometimes in
comic and/or grossly anti-social ways.

Feast Day Dances
• Do not enter or attempt to look into houses
unless invited.
• On Feast Days you may be invited into a
home for “a bowl of chile.” It is courteous to
accept.
• Eat what is offered, but don’t linger. There
will be other guests waiting.

• Thank your host before leaving, but a
payment or tip is not appropriate.

Feast Day Dances
A Tewa Feast Day benediction:
“Now go to your homes
Without worry
Without weeping
Without sadness.”

Dowa Yalanne (Corn Mountain)
Sacred Mountain of the Zuni

Zuni Humor

“The more you know …

… the more you realize you don’t know.”