HOLT World Geography Today CHAPTER 3 Weather and Climate Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate Section 2: Weather Factors Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1 Factors.
Download ReportTranscript HOLT World Geography Today CHAPTER 3 Weather and Climate Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate Section 2: Weather Factors Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Section 1 Factors.
Slide 1
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 2
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 3
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 4
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 5
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 6
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 7
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 8
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 9
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 10
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 11
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 12
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 13
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 14
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 15
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 2
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 3
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 4
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 5
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 6
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 7
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 8
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 9
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 10
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 11
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 12
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 13
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 14
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Slide 15
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
CHAPTER 3
Weather and Climate
Section 1: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 2: Weather Factors
Section 3: Climate and Vegetation Patterns
1
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How does the Sun affect Earth’s atmosphere?
How does atmospheric pressure distribute energy
around the globe?
How do global wind belts affect weather and climate?
How do the oceans affect weather and climate?
2
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effect of the Sun on Earth’s atmosphere:
Some solar energy, in the form of heat, reflects off
Earth back into the atmosphere.
Atmosphere traps this heat energy in a process called
the greenhouse effect.
Process helps keep the planet warm.
3
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Atmospheric pressure and energy distribution:
Low-pressure zones are caused by warm air, which expands
and rises.
High-pressure zones are caused by cold air, which is dense and
sinks.
Pressure differences cause air flow and energy distribution
around the globe.
Warm air moves through the upper atmosphere until it cools
and falls; cold air moves along Earth’s surface until it heats up
and rises.
4
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Global winds affect weather and climate:
Pressure differences cause wind.
Winds move heat and cold across the Earth’s surface.
Prevailing winds blow from the same direction most
of the time, causing similar weather.
A front occurs when two air masses of widely
different temperatures or moisture levels meet.
5
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 1
Factors Affecting Climate
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Oceans affect weather and climate:
Water heats and cools more slowly than land, making
coastal areas milder than inland areas.
Ocean currents move heat between the tropics and
polar regions, helping to maintain Earth’s energy
balance.
6
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
What are the common forms of precipitation, and
how are they formed?
How do mountains and elevation affect weather and
climate?
What are the different types of storms, and how do
they form?
7
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Forms of precipitation:
rain—liquid formed through condensation of
water vapor
snow—ice crystals formed in clouds
sleet—rain that freezes as it falls
hail—chunks of ice formed in storm clouds
8
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Effects of mountains and elevation on
weather and climate:
Increase in elevation causes drop in temperature.
Mountains cause orographic effect: moist air meets a
barrier and is pushed upward, causing cooling,
condensation, and precipitation.
Mountainside facing wind is the windward, wetter
side; side facing away from wind is the leeward, drier
side, called the rain shadow.
9
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 2
Weather Factors
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Types of storms:
Middle-latitude storms form when cold dry polar air
mixes with moist warm tropical air. Examples include
thunderstorms and tornadoes.
Tropical storms are usually smaller and lack fronts.
Examples include hurricanes and typhoons.
10
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Objectives:
How do the two tropical climates differ?
What conditions are common in dry climates?
What climates are found in the middle latitudes?
What characterizes high-latitude and highland
climates?
11
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Differences in the two tropical climates:
Tropical humid climate
close to equator
generally warm and wet year-round
climate supports dense rain forests
Tropical wet and dry climate
farther from equator; north and south of the tropical humid
zone
warm wet season alternates with cooler, drier season
seasonal variation supports savannas: tropical grasslands
with scattered trees and shrubs
12
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Dry climate areas:
generally centered about 30 degrees north and south
of equator
subtropical high-pressure zone causes sinking dry air,
with little rain
winters may be cold, summers very hot
hardy plants and animals
13
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
Middle-latitude climates:
Mediterranean—long, dry summers and mild winters;
scrub woodland vegetation
humid subtropical—hot, humid summers and mild
winters; temperate forests
marine west coast—mild year-round; may support
dense forests
humid continental—variable, with four seasons;
enough rain to support forests
14
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON
Section 3
Climate and
Vegetation Patterns
HOLT
World
Geography
Today
High-latitude and highland climates:
subarctic—long cold winters and short warm summers;
vast evergreen forests
tundra—long winters, with permafrost; low vegetation
ice cap—polar climates, with few plants or land
animals
highland—climate varies by elevation, with low
elevations relatively mild and high elevations similar
to ice cap
15
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON