NEA AND WEA TIDBITS FROM HISTORY Summer of 1857 43 Educators Philadelphia Organized Choice between Marriage Teaching Eventually marriage was allowed Pregnancy was not until the.
Download ReportTranscript NEA AND WEA TIDBITS FROM HISTORY Summer of 1857 43 Educators Philadelphia Organized Choice between Marriage Teaching Eventually marriage was allowed Pregnancy was not until the.
Slide 1
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 2
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 3
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 4
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 5
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 6
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 7
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 8
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 9
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 10
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 11
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 12
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 13
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 14
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 15
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 16
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 17
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 18
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 19
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 20
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 21
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 22
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 23
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 24
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 25
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 26
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 27
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 28
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 29
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 30
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 31
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 32
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 33
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 34
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 35
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 36
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 37
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 38
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 39
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 40
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 41
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 42
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 43
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 44
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 45
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 46
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 47
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 48
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 49
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 50
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 51
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 52
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 53
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 54
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 55
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 56
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 57
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 58
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 59
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 60
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 61
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 62
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 63
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 64
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 2
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 3
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 4
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 5
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 6
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 7
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 8
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 9
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 10
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 11
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 12
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 13
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 14
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 15
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 16
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 17
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 18
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 19
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 20
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 21
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 22
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 23
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 24
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 25
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 26
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 27
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 28
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 29
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 30
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 31
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 32
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 33
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 34
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 35
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 36
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 37
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 38
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 39
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 40
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 41
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 42
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 43
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 44
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 45
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 46
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 47
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 48
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 49
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 50
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 51
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 52
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 53
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 54
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 55
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 56
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 57
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 58
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 59
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 60
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 61
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 62
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 63
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid
Slide 64
NEA AND WEA
TIDBITS FROM HISTORY
Summer of 1857
43
Educators
Philadelphia
Organized
Choice between
Marriage
Teaching
Eventually marriage was allowed
Pregnancy was not until the 1970’s
The Call
The
1857 invitation to form the National Teachers
Association:
“Believing
that what has been accomplished for the states by
state associations may be done for the whole country by a
National Association, we, the undersigned, invite our felloweducators throughout the United States to assemble...for the
purpose of organizing a National Teachers Association...We
cordially extend this invitation to all practical teachers in the
North, the South, the East, and the West, who are willing to unite
in a general effort to promote the general welfare of our country
by concentrating the wisdom and power of numerous minds,
and distributing among all the accumulated experiences of all;
who are ready to devote their energies and their means to
advance the dignity, respectability and usefulness of their
calling; and who, in fine, believe that the time has come when
the teachers of the nation should gather into one great
educational brotherhood...”
Written by Thomas Valentine
President of the New York Teachers Association
1857
Free
people of color
Built
schools
Robert Campbell
National
Only
Teachers Association
black founding member
1891
23
Ohio Teachers
Black
Teacher’s Association
Salaries
Slave
$18 to $50 per month
states
Outlawed
Education for free Blacks
1861
Civil
War
NTA focused on impact of war on Education
1865
War
ended
NTA convention
Denounced
slavery
Recommended
Seceded states
Provide free public schools to Blacks and Whites
“My first school consisted of three children, for each of
whom I was paid fifty cents a month. I also taught three
adult slaves at night, thus making my monthly income
from teaching only three dollars...The next thing which
arrested my attention was botany… Descriptive chemistry,
natural philosophy, and descriptive astronomy followed in
rapid succession... My researches in botany gave me a
relish for zoology; but as I could never get hold of any work
on this science I had to make books for myself. This I did
by killing such insects, toads, snakes, young alligators,
fishes, and young sharks as I could catch. I then cleaned
and stuffed those that I could, and hung them upon the
walls of my school-room.”
Daniel Alexander Payne
President of Wilberforce University in Ohio
First African-American college president in the United States
Opened his own school at the age of 19
Reconstruction
Taught
children
Children taught grandparents
Emancipated slaves
Campaigned
NTA
Universal State supported schools
sought federal aid
1867
NTA
lobbied Congress
Established
Federal Department of Education
NTA
Open
to Minority Educators
Barred Women
1866
Opened
membership to “persons”
Women teachers had more autonomy than peers
1869
Emily
Rice
Vice
President
1870
National
Education Association
National
Teachers Association
American Normal School Association
The National Association of School Superintendents
The Central College Association
1884
Thomas
W. Bicknell (president elect)
Traveled
the nation to promote convention
Persuaded railroad
Offer Discounted rail fares to Madison
Collected NEA dues
Distributed 100,000 copies of Pamphlet on NEA and Madison
1884
Booker
T. Washington
Addressed
the NEA convention
1892
“The
Council of Ten”
Recommend
secondary instruction program
1899
Department
of Indian Education
Researched
Negative impact of isolation and assimilation of American Indian
Nations
1900
Salaries
under $50 per month
Women less than men
60 students in classes
No
support
1903
Margaret
Led
Demonstrations at Convention
Improving the lot of teachers
NEA
Haley from Chicago
created
Committee to improve
Salaries
Tenures
Pensions
1904
J.R.E.
Lee
Black
educator
Founded the National Association of Colored Teachers
Later became the American Teachers Association
1905
NEA’s
convention
Devoted
to child labor
1906
Ella
Flagg Young
First
female president
Years prior to gaining the right to vote
1907
Ella
Flagg Young
“If the public school system is to meet the demands
which 20th century civilization must lay upon it, the
isolation...of teachers from the administration of
the school must be overcome…can it be true that
teachers are stronger in their work when they have
no voice in planning the great issues committed to
their hands?”
1907
Represented
5,044 members
First 50 years
Administrators
led the organization
Teachers dominated the membership
Wanted a greater voice
Early 20th Century
Wages
remained a critical matter
Responsibilities
continued to grow
Expanded curriculums
Increased paperwork and testing
Managed multiage classrooms
Hundreds of students
1909
Survey
More
of major cities
than half the students couldn’t speak English
Teacher
shortages
NEA proposed salary schedules to retain teachers
1920
NEA
became a Representative Assembly
Composed
of delegates from
States and locals
1920’s
Focuses
on improving teacher pay
Establishing retirement pensions
Strengthening public schools
October 20, 1929
All
pushing halted
Schools had no money for
Materials
and supplies
Teachers copied texts long hand
Some schools closed altogether
1926
NEA
and American Teachers Association
Joint
committee
Forces the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges
Evaluate and accredit Black schools
1933
Federal
Advisory Committee on the Emergency
in Education
NEA
joins this work
Assistance and federal aid to schools
1941
NEA
coordinated
Rationing
of sugar, oil and canned good
Promoted
Defense
Savings Stamps
Defense Bonds
“Victory gardens”
Salvage scrap metal
1941 continued
Lobbied
congress
Special
G.I.
funding for schools near military bases
Military schoolchildren didn’t add to tax base when on
federal installations
Bill of Rights
1950’s
Racial
NEA
segregation
advocated for change
Refused to hold RA in cities that discriminated
against delegates based on race
1954
Brown
v. Board of Education
Black
NEA’s
teachers had largely financed the case
RA urged all Americans to:
Approach
integration in a spirit of good will and fair play
1957
RA
in Philadelphia
Focused on
Strengthening
public education
Improve credentialing of educations
Garner more respect for the profession
700,000
members
1959
Wisconsin
Collective
bargaining law for public employees
1964
17 states used Brown v. Board of Education
Dismiss
hundreds of black teachers
NEA established a $1 million fund
“Protect
and promote the professional, civil and human rights
of educators.”
Protected teachers participating in voter registration drives
Asked each member to donate $1 to the fund
1964
RA
passed a resolution
Required
racially segregated affiliates to merge
1966
NEA
and ATA merge at RA
1966
Three
NEA
months after merger
sponsored conference on bilingual education
Led to Bilingual Education Act
1967
Braulio
First
Alonso
Hispanic president
1968
Elizabeth
First
Duncan Koontz
Black president
Established Human and Civil Rights division
Howard Carrrol, NEA Staff reporter
"I
went down to Selma because the teachers, our
Black members, played such a big part in the civil
rights movement. When I went into the schools
and talked to the teachers, I saw the stark
differences in their circumstances. It was a tragedy
to think that people who were our members were
denied the opportunities White educators had. A
few weeks before the final march to Montgomery,
many teachers had been assaulted when they tried
to march across the Pettus Bridge. The march had
to be halted because the marchers were overcome
by tear gas.”
1965
National
media
Set up at Alabama EA headquarters
SHORT HISTORY OF WEA
1889
Washington
State Teacher’s Association was
formed
Teachers
and administrators
124 members
J. H. Morgan WSTA president
Salary was $266.30 per month
1915
Teachers
must have a four year high school degree
WEA backed legislation
1917
Class
A districts
Create
teacher retirement plans
$480
Teacher
contribution
$12, $24 or $36 depending on years taught
1918
President
serves a second term
Statewide
meeting canceled due to flu epidemic
The WSTA and State Teachers' League merge
Become
WEA
Affiliates with the National Education Association
School administrators active members and remain
High school graduation rate
16.8
percent of 17-year-olds.
1923
Statewide
WEA
retirement act approved by Legislature
pressured for this
1933
WEA
urges “New Barefoot Schoolboy” bill
Establishing
Legislature
an income tax
investigates WEA
“Usurpation
of authority”
No allegations substantiated
1940
Graduation
rate is 29% of 17 year olds
1950
Graduation
rate is 59%
1959
WEA
lobbies SHB 135
Guarantees
10 sick leave day per year
1960
Graduation
rate 69.5%
1963
Legislature
allow districts to participate in health
insurance benefits
1965
Washington’s
School
Professional Negotiations Act
Boards confer and negotiate with employee
groups on adoption of key policies
1970
NEA
adopts field staff program
Creates
High
UniServ representatives
School graduation 76.9%
1967
1968
Legislature approves
collective bargaining law for
classified school employees
Tacoma approves first
collective bargaining
contract
1969
Seattle negotiates a
collective bargaining
contract
1973
Evergreen
School District close schools for two
weeks
Superior
Court judge issues an injunction.
Teachers defy the order and refuse to return to class
Evergreen EA President Fred Ensman and Action
Committee chair Dick Johnson jailed
1973
Two
days later, the judge jails EEA Interim President John
Zavodsky
The EEA appoints female member as president
EEA teachers march en masse to the courtroom to
surrender for jail
The judge refuses to lock up a woman president or any of
the teachers
Other leaders remain jailed 45 days (43 for Zavodsky).
1974
The
first fall strikes
Federal Way, Tacoma, Mukilteo and Olympic
College.
Federal Way schools hire strikebreakers to keep
classes in session during the tense 20-day
strike.
1975
New
bargaining law takes effect in 1976
Declines to make teacher strikes legal or illegal
Legislators strike down bargaining rights to
community college staff
1975
UniServ
staff organize locals
WEA and Northshore unsuccessfully challenge the
state's school funding
Setting
the stage for a successful lawsuit by Seattle and
other districts the next year
Passage
of federal Education for All Handicapped
Children Act.
1977
The
Legislature responds to school funding lawsuit
Defines basic education
Adopts a plan to fully fund it
Approves a levy lid