Slide 1

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 2

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 3

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 4

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 5

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 6

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 7

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 8

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 9

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 10

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 11

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 12

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 13

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 14

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 15

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 16

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism


Slide 17

Section 19-2
REACTION AND
REVOLUTION

The Congress of Vienna
• After the defeat of Napoleon, European
rulers moved to restore the old order. This
was set up that way at the Congress of
Vienna. Prince Clemens von Metternich
was the most influential leader at the
meeting. The great powers rearranged
territories in Europe believing that this would
form a new balance of power.

Key Players
at Vienna
Foreign Minister,
Viscount Castlereagh
(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I

(Rus.)

The “Host”
Prince Klemens von
Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

1. Conservation and the Balance of Power
• Congress of Vienna was a victory for rulers
who wanted to contain the forces of change
that the French Revolution had unleashed.
These rulers believed in the political
philosophy known as CONSERVATISM. It is
based on tradition and a belief in the value of
social stability. It believed that organized
religion was crucial to keep order. To
maintain balance of power, created Concert
of Europe to discuss problem spots in
Europe.

2. Principle of Intervention
• The great powers had the right to send
armies into countries where there were
revolutions in order to restore legitimate
monarchs to their throne.

B. Forces of Change

• Powerful forces for change –
known as liberalism and
nationalism – were at work in
Europe.

1. Liberalism
• Is a political philosophy that grew out of the
Enlightenment. Held that people should be as free
as possible from government restraints. Liberals
believed that civil liberties should be protected.
Liked the Bill of Rights documents. Most wanted
religious toleration and demanded the right of
peaceful opposition to the government. Favored rule
by constitution. Believed that written constitution
would guarantee the rights they sought to preserve.
Did not believe in a democracy and thought that the
right to vote and hold office should be open only to
men of property. Liberals feared mob rule and had
little desire to let the lower classes share that power.

2. Nationalism
• More powerful than liberalism. Arose when
people began to identify as a part of a
community defined by a distinctive
language, common institution and customs,
called a nation. Did not become popular
until the French Revolution. Came to believe
that each nationality should have its own
government. Was seen as a threat to the
existing political order. Found a strong ally in
liberalism, most liberals believed that
freedom could only be possible in people
who ruled themselves.

3. Revolutionary Outbursts
• 1830 the forces began to change through the
conservative domination of Europe. In
France, liberals overthrew the Bourbon
monarch Charles X and established a
constitutional monarchy. There was
political support for the new monarch. Louis
Philipp came from the upper middle class.
• 1830 also led to 3 other revolts. Nationalism
was the force in all of them. Belgium
rebelled and created an independent state.
Poland and Italy want to break free from
outsiders. Not much success here.

Charles X

Louis Philipp

Louis Napoleon

C. The Revolutions of 1848
• 1. Another French Revolution
• France once again had a revolution and it will spread
to other countries. Economic problems hit France
which hurt the lower classes, meanwhile middle
class was begging to get the right to vote. Louis
Philippe refused to make changes. He was
overthrown and a moderate and radical republican
group set up a provisional government. It called for
the election of representatives and to have universal
male suffrage. Also set up national workshops to
provide work for the unemployed. A new
constitution set up the Second Republic. Has a
single legislature and a president. Louis Napoleon
won a victory.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 2. Trouble in the German States
• Congress of Vienna has created German
Confederation of 38 states. In 1848 an all
German parliament call that Frankfurt
Assembly. Was held to fulfill a liberal and
nationalist dream – a new constitution for a
united Germany. Proposed a parliamentary
government and a hereditary emperor.
Ultimately it failed to gain the support
needed, so united Germany did not happen.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 3. Revolutions in Central Europe
• Austrian empire was a multinational state
and this was causing problems. 1848
demonstrations erupted and the Hapsburg
court dismissed Metternich. Leaders made
concessions but in the end, wanted to
reestablish their control over the empire.

The Revolutions of 1848
• 4. Revolts in the Italian States
• Vienna set up 9 states in Italy. A revolt broke
out against the Austrians in Lombardy and
Venetia. The old order prevailed.

19-2 Review
•
•
•
•
•

Voting rights for all adult men
universal male suffrage
Belief in tradition and social stability
conservatism
Right of powerful countries to maintain order
throughout Europe
• Principle of intervention
• Collection of different peoples under the
same government, as in the Austrian
Empire
• multinational state

19-2 Review
In 1848, France, Italy and the German states
had what?
Revolutions
He claimed, after Napoleon’s defeat, that
lawful monarchs should be restored.
Metterich
After Napoleon, France was governed until
1830 by what?
A king
The peace settlement that followed the defeat
of Napoleon was developed at the?

19-2 Review
• Congress of Vienna
• Was the first president of the Second
Republic in France?
• Louis Napoleon
• Belief that people should be free from
government restraint
• liberalism