WATER NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS.
Download ReportTranscript WATER NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS.
Slide 1
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 2
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 3
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 4
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 5
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 6
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 7
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 8
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 9
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 10
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 11
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 12
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 13
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 14
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 15
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 16
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 17
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 18
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 19
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 20
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 21
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 22
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 23
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 24
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 25
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 26
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 27
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 28
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 29
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 30
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 2
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 3
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 4
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 5
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 6
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 7
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 8
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 9
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 10
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 11
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 12
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 13
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 14
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 15
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 16
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 17
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 18
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 19
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 20
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 21
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 22
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 23
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 24
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 25
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 26
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 27
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 28
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 29
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL
Slide 30
WATER
NUTRIENT: SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES THE GROWTH, MAINTENANCE,
FUNCTION, REPRODUCTION OF A CELL OR AN ORGANISM
THE PRINCIPAL NUTRIENTS OF ALL FEEDING STUFFS ARE: WATER,
ORGANIC MATTER, INORGANIC MATTER.
WATER: 2/3 OF THE ANIMAL BODY
SOURCES: DRINKING, FEED, METABOLIC WATER
FACTORS GOVERN THE AMOUNT OF WATER THE ANIMAL NEED TO DRINK:
ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
TYPE OF FEED (HIGH LEVEL OF PROTEIN OR MINERAL) INCREASE
URINARY
TOTAL DM CONSUMPTION
PRODUCTION
WATER
FUNCTION OF WATER IN ANIMAL BODY:
CELL RIGIDITY AND ELASTICITY
SOLVENT ACTION
HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS
IONIC AND OTHER REACTIONS
LUBRICATION
TRANSPORT
ABSORPTION OF FOOD MATERIAL FROM INTESTINE
REABSORPTION FROM KINDEY TUBULES
TRANSPORT OF VARIOUS FEEDSTUFF FROM PLACE TO PLACE
DRAINAGE AND EXCRETION OF THE END PRODUCT OF METABOLISM
MANUFACTURE OF VARIOUS SECRETION
CARRYING THE HORMONES TO THE PLACE OF ACTIVITY
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
REFRACTIVE MEDIUM
HEAT REGULATIONS
MINERAL
•MINERAL: 3-5% BERAT TUBUH
•ADA 30 SAMPAI 40 JENIS MINERAL DALAM TUBUH
•Ca dan P: SEKITAR 75% (49% Ca, 27%P, 24% MINERAL LAIN)
•SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDAPAT DALAM TULANG DAN GIGI
•86,0% Ca, 97,9%P, dan 86% TOTAL MINERAL TERDPT PD RANGKA
ESSENTIALITY OF ANY MINERAL ELEMENT
• IT IS PRESENT IN ALL HEALTHY TISSUE
• ITS CONCENTRATION IS FAIRLY CONSTANT
• ITS WITHDRAWAL INDUCES REPRODUCIBLY THE SAME
STRUCTURAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABNORMALITIES REGARDLESS
OF THE SPECIES STUDIED
• ITS ADDITON EITHER PREVENTS OR REVERSES THESE
ABNORMALITIES
• THE ABNORMALITIES INDUCED BY DEFICIENCY ARE ALWAYS
ACCOMPANIED BY PERTINENT, SPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL
CHANGES
• THESE BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES CAN BE PREVENTED OR CURED
WHEN THE DEFICIENCIES ARE PREVENTED OR CURED
MINERAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR APPROXIMATE
CONCENTRATION IN THE ANIMAL BODY
PROBABLY ESSENTIAL
ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
MAJOR
PER CENT
TRACE
Ppm
TRACE
CALCIUM
1.5
IRON
20-80
FLOURINE
PHOSPHORUS
1.0
ZINC
10-50
BROMINE
POTASSIUM
0.2
COPPER
1-5
SODIUM
0.16
MANGANESE
0.2-0.5
CHLORIDE
0.11
IODINE
0.3-0.6
SULPHUR
0.15
COBALT
0.02-0.1
MAGNESIUM
0.04
MOLYDEBNUM
1.4
SELENIUM
1.7
CHROMIUM
0.08
BARIUM
STRONTIUM
ORGANIC CHELATE
• CHELATES THAT AID IN TRANSPORT AND TO
STORE METAL IONS (Histidin, Cystine, EDTA)
• CHELATES ESSENTIAL IN METABOLISM ( Hb,
Vit.B12, Cytochrom)
• CHELATES WHICH INTERFERE WITH
UTILIZATION OF ESSENTIAL CATIONS (CaOxalat, Zn-phytat)
MINERALS ARE NECESSARY IN THE ANIMAL BODY
FOR THE FOLLOWING REASON
• IN TISSUE GROWTH AND REPAIR
• FORMATION OF NEW BONE AND TISSUE
• FORMATION OF HAIR, HOOFS, HORN
• A SMALL AMOUNT IS PRESENT IN ALL SOFT TISSUE
• BLOOD CELL ALSO CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNT OF MINERAL
• ACT AS BODY REGULATORS OR AID IN THE FORMATION
OF BODY REGULATORS
• MAINTENANCE OF PROPER OSMOTIC PRESSURE IN THE BODY
FLUIDS
• MAINTENANCE OF NEUTRALITY OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
• MAINTANANCE A PROPER PHYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE
• IN MILK PRODUCTION
COMPOSITION OF FRESH BONE
WATER, 45%
ASH, 25%
PROTEIN, 20%
FAT, 10%
•CALSIUM, 36%
•PHOSPHORUS, 17%
•MAGNESIUM, 0.8%
•OTHERS, 46.2%
CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• BONE FORMATION INCLUDING TEETH AND GROWTH
• CLOTTING OF BLOOD
• REGULATION OF HEARTBEAT AND WORKING OF MUSCLE
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILIBRIUM
• CONTROL OF IRRITABILITY OF NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM
• MAINTENANCE OF SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANE
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• MILK FEVER
• REDUCTION IN MILK YIELD
• THIN CELLED EGGS WITH POOR HATCHABILITY
CALCIUM
FACTORS INFLUENCE TH E DEGREE OF ABSORPTION:
• CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM IN THE DIET
• INTESTINAL pH
• PROTEIN IN THE DIET
• PRESENT OF FREE FATTY ACIDS
• PHYTIC ACID, IRON, and OXALATES
• VITAMIN D and PHARATHYROID
SOURCES:
• LEGUMES LIKE ALFALFA
• BONE MEAL
• OYSTERSHELL
• DICALCIUM PHOSPATE
PHOSPHORUS
FUNCTIONS:
• CONSTITUENT OF BONE AND TEETH
• CONSTITUENT OF HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND
• PHOSPHORYLATION PROCESS
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSTITUENTS OF ALL CELL MEMBRANE
and ARE ACTIVE DETERMINANT OF CELLULAR PERMEABILITY
• DNA and RNA
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• RICKETS IN YOUNG AND OSTEOMALACIA IN ADULTS
• PICA
• STIFF JOINTS and MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
• LOW FERTILITY and LOW MILK PRODUCTION
PHOSPHORUS
ABSORPTION:
• ACTIVE TRANSPOT
• INTERFIER BY Mg, Fe, Al
• IN CEREAL GRAIN PRESENT IN THE FORM OF PHYTATES
SOURCES:
• CEREAL GRAIN
• BY-PRODUCT
• OIL CAKED
• MILK and MILK PRODUCT
POTASSIUM
PRESENT IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE OF ACID BASE EQUILLIBRIUM
• MAINTENANCE OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• HEART BEAT RELAXATION
• ACTIVATES CERTAIN ENZYMES
• NECESSARY FOR CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN
METABOLISM
• AID IN THE UPTAKE OF CERTAIN AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• WEAK EXTREMITIES
• POOR INTESTINAL TONE WITH POOR INTESTINAL DISTENSION
• CARDIAC WEAKNESS
• WEAKNESS OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLE
POTASSIUM
METABOLISM:
POTASSIUM IS THE CHIEF CATION OF THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID
AND PLAYS VERY IMPORTANT PART ALONG WITH SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
AND BICARBONATE IONS IN THE OSMOTIC REGULATION OF THE
BODY FLUID
DIETARY EXCESS OF POTASSIUM IS NORMALLY EXCRETED FROM
THE BODY CHIEFLY IN THE URINE
HIGH INTAKE INTERFERES WITH THE ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM
OF MAGNESIUM
SOURCES:
POTASSIUM CONTENT OF PLANT IS GENERALLY VERY HIGH
SODIUM
PRESENT IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
FUNCTIONS:
• MAINTENANCE BODY FLUID pH
• REGULATE BODY FLUID VOLUME
• NERVE TRANSMISSION
• MUSCLE CONTRACTION
• FUNCTION IN THE PERMEABILITY AND CARRIER OF THE CELL
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• GROWTH FAILURE and REDUCE THE UTILITATION OF DIGESTED
AND ENERGY
• DEHYDRATION: DECREASES PLASMA AND BODY FLUID VOLUME
• VASCULAR DISTURBANCE: DECREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT,
DECREASE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND INCREASE HEMATOCRIT
• CORNEAL KERATINATION
• NERVUS DISORDER
• EGG PRODUCTION IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED
SODIUM
METABOLISM:
REGULATED BY ALDOSTERON (ADRENAL CORTEX) WITH
PROMOTE THE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM FROM THE
KIDNEY TUBULES.
IN THE ABSENCE OF ALDOSTERON, EXCRETION OF SODIUM
IS INCREASED AND SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY ENSUE.
SOURCES:
• ALL ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• MARINE PRODUCTS
• COMMON SALT
SULFUR
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF SULFUR-CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
• COMPONENT OF HORMONE INSULIN
• COMPONENT OF BIOTIN AND THIAMINE
METABOLISM:
THE METABOLIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME SULFUR-CONTAINING
COMPOUNDS RESIDE IN THE EASY INTERCONVERTIBILITY OF
DISULFIDE AND SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN OXIDATION REDUCTION
REACTIONS
SOURCES:
• SULFUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS
MAGNESIUM
FUNCTIONS:
• AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF BONE
• ACTIVATES ENZYMES LIKE PHOSPHATASE AND THE
PHOSPHORYLATION REACTION INVOLVING ATP: GLUCOKINASE,
PHOSPHOGLUCOKINASE, CREATINE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE,
ARGININE TRANSPHOSPHORYLASE
SOURCES:
• GREEN FODDERS
• PERICARP OF CEREAL GRAIN, BRAN
• SEED CAKE
• MAGNESIUM OXIDE (50 mg)
MAGNESIUM
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY:
• TETANY
• REDNESS OF EXPOSED SKIN SURFACE
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• CARDIAC ARHYTHMIA
• MARKED VASODILATATION
• HYPOMAGNESEAMIC TETANY
• CONVULSION
• HYPERIRITABILITY
• TWITCHING OF THE FACIAL MUSCLE
• STAGGERING GAIT AND ULTIMATELY TETANY
• SLOW GROWTH LETHARGIC
IRON
FORMS:
• 65% PRESENT IN THE FORM OF HAEMOGLOBIN
• 4% IN THE FORM OF MYOGLOBIN
• 1% IN THE FORM OF VARIOUS HAEM ENZYMES
• 0.1% IN THE FORM OF TRANSFERIN
• 15% STORED IN THE FERRITIN OR HOMOSIDERIN
• 10-15% OTHER FORMS
FUNCTIONS:
• TRANSPOT OF OXIGEN TO THE TISSUES
• MAINTENANCE OF OXIDATIVE ENZYMES SYSTEM WITHIN
THE TISSUE CELLS
• MELANIN FORMATION
IRON
ABSORPTION FROM GI:
• FEED: FERRIC IRON (Fe+++) STOMACH: FERROUS FORM (Fe++)
• ABSORBED IN HE UPPER PART OF SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM)
• MUCOSAL CELL: COMBINES WITH APOFERRITIN FERRITIN
• MUCOSAL FERRITIN DELIVERS FERROUS IRON TO THE PORTAL
BLOOD CIRCULATION FERRIC STATE COMBINES WITH
Βglobulin TRANSFERRIN
• WHEN TOTAL QUANTITY OF IRON IN THE BODY IS MORE THAN
APOFERRITIN HOMOSIDERIN
IRON
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA
• SKIN COLOR MAY BE REDDEN
• DECREASE GROWTH RATE
SOURCES:
• GREEN LEAVY MATERIALS
• MOST LEGUMINOUS PLANTS AND SEED COATS
• BONE MEAL, GLANDULAR MEAL, LIVER, AND MEAT MEAL
ZINC
FORMS:
• FOUND IN EVERY TISSUE IN THE ANIMAL BODY
• TEND TO ACCUMULATE IN THE BONE RATHER THAN IN THE
LIVER AS MANY OTHER TRACE ELEMENT
• MOST Zn IN BLOOD PRESENT IN THE ERYTHROCYTE
FUNCTIONS:
• INTEGRAL PART OF THE ENZYME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
• COMPONENT OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE
• COMPONENT OF SOME PEPTIDASE
ZINC
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• RETARDED GROWTH
• DISORDER OF THE BONES
• SKIN DISEASES
• DISORDER OF THE FEATHER AND HAIR COAT
• REDUCED FEED EFFICIENCY
• DELAYED SEXUAL MATURITY, STERILITY, FERTILITY
• LOST APPETITE
• PARAKERATOSIS
• LEG ABNORMALITY IN POULT
SOURCES:
• WHEAT MIDDLINGS
• MOLASSES
• FISH MEAL, YEAST
COPPER
FUNCTIONS:
• A CATALIST IN HAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• COMPONENT OF SOME OXIDASE ENZYMES LIKE TYROSINASE,
ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, URICASE
• IN THE BLOOD DISTRIBUTED EQUALY BETWEEN PLASMA AND
ERYTHROCYTE
• IN ERYTHROCYTE PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ERYTHROCUPREIN
• IN PLASMA PRESENT IN THE FORM OF CERULOPLASMIN
• IN BRAIN: CEREBROCUPREIN
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF BONE
• DEMYELINATION OF THE CNS
• PIGMENTATION AND STRUCTURE OF HAIR AND WOOL:
ACHROMOTRICIA, ALOPECIA, DERMATITIS
• FIBROSIS OF THE MYOCARDIUM
• SCOURING
• AORTIC RUPTURE
• DECREASE REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
COPPER
SOURCES:
• LIVER AND GLANDULAR MEAL
• CORN DISTILLERS
• DRIED WHEY
• PEANUT MEAL
• COTTON SEED MEAL
• FISH MEAL
MANGANESE
FUNCTIONS:
• ACTIVATE ENZYMES: ARGINASE, CYSTEIN DESULFHYDRASE,
THIAMINASE, and DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
• AMINO ACID METABOLISM: ACTIVATE ENZYMES, FORMS CHELATE
WITH AMINO ACID and PYRIDOXAL
• ACTIVATOR IN THE SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS IN VITRO
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• REDUCE GROWTH
• REDUCE MINERALIZATION
• DEFECTIVE STRUCTUR OF THE BONES
• CHICK: PEROSIS (SLIPPED TENDON) TIBIOMETARSAL JOINT
• SYMPTOM S AGGRAVATED BY HIGH INTAKE OF Ca and P
MANGANESE
SOURCES:
• WHOLE RICE (420ppm)
• RICEPOLISHED (18ppm)
• CEREAL GRAIN (MODERATE AMOUNT), EXCEPT MAIZE (LOW)
• MOST GREEN FEED CONTAIN ADEQUATE AMOUNT
COBALT
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF VITAMIN B12
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ANEMIA PERNICICOLA
• GRADUAL WASTING OF THE ANIMAL STRAGGLY,
ROUGH WOOL IN SHEEP
• REDUCED OXIGEN CARRYING CAPACITY
SOURCES:
• USSUALY ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGINS ARE SUFFICIENT
• IN GENERAL LEGUMES ARE RICHER SOURCES
• CEREAL GRAINS ARE POOR IN COBALT
MOLYBDENUM
FUNCTIONS:
• COMPONENT OF XANTHINE OXIDASE AND LIVER ALDEHYDE OXIDASE
• ANTAGONISM BETWEEN Mo AND Cu
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS:
• ADDITION OF Mo IN DEFICIENT Mo ANIMAL INCREASE LIVEWEIGHT GAIN
SOURCES:
• CABBAGE
• LIVER & GLANDULAR MEAL
• SOYBEAN, WHOLE
• PEAS
• ALFALFA MEAL
• CEREAL
1.00
1.80
2.50
1.40
0.35
TRACE or NIL