Chapter/Key topic #5…Language Key terms for this chapter: Accent Language Anatolian Hearth theory Language group Creole language Language family Dialect LIngua franca Extinct language Literary tradition Ideogram Official language Isogloss Pidgin Isolated language Standard language Kurgan hearth theory Toponym Language.
Download ReportTranscript Chapter/Key topic #5…Language Key terms for this chapter: Accent Language Anatolian Hearth theory Language group Creole language Language family Dialect LIngua franca Extinct language Literary tradition Ideogram Official language Isogloss Pidgin Isolated language Standard language Kurgan hearth theory Toponym Language.
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Chapter/Key topic #5…Language
Key terms for this chapter:
Accent
Language
Anatolian Hearth theory
Language group
Creole language
Language family
Dialect
LIngua franca
Extinct language
Literary tradition
Ideogram
Official language
Isogloss
Pidgin
Isolated language
Standard language
Kurgan hearth theory
Toponym
Language branch
Vernacular
Slide 2
Chapter 5…Language
2
A language is a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for
communication. The speakers of the language understand the sounds, combinations and
symbols and can communicate with each other.
Babies talking to each other: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY
Language is one of the cornerstones of culture; it lets people communicate ideas and
knowledge but also holds us back. Language reflects where the culture has been, what the
culture values, even how the people of the culture think and value things. Language can be
used as a weapon by depriving a group the opportunity to speak and forcing them to adopt a
new culture. (American Indians, European colonists around the world, African slaves.)
An isogloss is a geographic boundary, which you can place on a map, within which a particular
linguistic feature, like a dialect, occurs. (Go paak the kah. It’s a fur piece. Yu all. Fair to
middlin.) All languages have dialects within them and the isogloss is where that dialect is
strongest. Sooooo, what’s the difference in an accent and a dialect?
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Most people think of an accent as something that other people have. In some cases, they
speak disparagingly about one accent compared with another. The truth is that everyone has
an accent, because an accent is simply a way of pronouncing words. The reason that you can
tell the difference between people from Boston and the Appalachians, or between London
and Manchester is because each group of people has a different way of pronouncing the
same words. In other words, accent is all about sound. They are the same words and
meanings…they just sound differently. Park the car or paak the kah.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k (Amy Walker)
When it comes to changes in vocabulary in different regions, then you’re talking about
dialect. Dialect refers to regional differences in accent, grammar and vocabulary among
different versions of a language. For example, depending on where you live in England, one
type of baked goods could be called buns, cobs or rolls. It is likely that when you speak in the
dialect of a particular region, you will also speak in the accent of a particular region.
However, incomers may speak the dialect of a region with a different accent. This may also
apply to people who have emigrated from one country to another. They may speak a
different form of a language from those born in that country. Arnold Schwarzenegger
has an accent when he speaks English because his native language is
Austrian. He may also have a dialect when he speaks Austrian.
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Some of the Isoglosses of common dialects
found in the US.
Slide 5
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Why Do People Living in Distinct
Locations Speak English Differently?
Isolation over long periods of time
Integration with other cultures
Interplay of migrants
Slide 6
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Is this a dialect or an accent? Both? Remember that accent is the way different people
from various regions speak, in ways such as pronunciation of certain words or
phrases, while dialect is the form of language in which people speak, such as
different forms of English from around the world. Different spellings, terms and
phrases.
Different accents vary by pronunciation, while dialects have some unique
vocabulary and sometimes even small variations in grammar. The British spell
the word check, cheque and color, colour. Billabong is Australian slang for a
lake.
The Lord’s Prayer in modern and Old English (870 AD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYQoEcygK3Y&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkTW3uHTg7U&feature=related
Slide 7
This map shows how many dialects exist in the US and Canada. Why so many?
7
Slide 8
Key Term:
8
Ideograms: The system
of writing used in China
and other East Asian
Countries in which each
symbol represents an
idea or a concept rather
than a specific sound,
as is the case with
letters in English.
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A vernacular, mother tongue or mother language is
the native language of a population located in a
country or in an area. English is the native tongue of the
UK. This is the first language a person learns to speak.
Lingua Franca is a language created by speakers of
two different languages so they can do business with
each other. It might contain words from both (or many)
languages. Both groups keep their own language using
the Lingua Franca for trade. They don’t live in the same
place and only meet each other occasionally. Swahili
spoken in southern Africa is the best example of a
Lingua Franca. Arab traders from the middle east did
business with native Africans as early as the 500’s and
Swahili was born as a Lingua Franca for trade.
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Pidgin language is a simplified language that develops as a means of
communication between two or more groups that live in the same place but do
not have a language in common. When the US took over Hawaii a pidgin
language was created between native Hawaiian and English. Fundamentally, a
pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication. A pidgin is not the
native language of any speech community, but instead is learned as a second
language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from
multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins usually have low prestige with
respect to other languages. Why?
The Lord’s Prayer Hawaiian pidgin.
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9_V5BXaXJc
(Hawaiian pidgin)
A Creole language, or simply a Creole, is a stable language that has originated
from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, acquired by children). It
is a pidgin which has become a full time language. Most often, the vocabulary
comes from the dominant group and the grammar from the subordinate group,
where such stratification exists. For example, Jamaican Creole features largely
English words with West African grammar.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRI3srdcia0
Jamaican Creole (Patois)
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We study languages by seeing how they are related to
other languages. Language families: are languages that
are related. There are 8 main language families, (and
other) from which most languages developed over
time. Our English language comes from Indo-European
language family and we are from the German branch
of that family tree.
The language tree works like this:
Language family………..Indo-European
Language branch………..Germanic
Language group…………West Germanic
The language……………English
Subfamily……………….American English
The dialect……………...New England
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Most languages can be classified into one of a handful of language families. The map colors show the distribution of each
family. Note especially the worldwide span of Indo-European languages but the relatively narrow diffusion of Sino-Tibetan
tongues, (only in China, Tibet and small parts of S. Asia). Languages that have more than 50 million speakers are identified on
the map.
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Language Branches:
A group of languages that share a common origin
but have evolved into different languages
example: Indo-European Family - Romance
Branch – French, Spanish, Portuguese,
Romanch
Slide 14
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The Indo-European
Language tree leading
up to today’s modern
European languages.
English is found on the
Western Germanic
branch of the tree.
Slide 15
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Slide 16
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Language Groups:
Several individual languages within
a language branch
share a common origin in recent
past
few differences in grammar and
vocabulary
Slide 17
Where does American English come from?
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North
Germanic
West Germanic
Language Groups
American English is a dialect of
English which comes from the West
Germanic language group of the
Germanic branch of the IndoEuropean language. Our American
English has its own dialects too.
Slide 18
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Sooooooo…..one more time!!!!!
The English language tree works like this:
Language family………..Indo-European
Language branch………..Germanic
Language group…………West Germanic
The language……………English
Subfamily……………….American English
The dialect……………..Depends on where you are in the US.
Slide 19
Where did the Indo-European family come from? (known as Proto-Endo-European)
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There are two popular
theories as to the origin of
the Indo-European
language family, both
beginning over 4000 years
ago.
1. The Anatolian Hearth,
or Renfew Sedentary
Farmer theory.
(Diagram right)
1. The Kurgan Hearth
Theory (next slide)
Slide 20
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The Kurgan Hearth
Theory:
This theory says that
migrating nomads,
(known as the
Kurgan’s) spread the
proto-Indo-European
language as they
migrated from
southern Russia over
4000 years ago.
Slide 21
Language can be used as a weapon.
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How would you feel if you were surrounded by thousands of people
who speak a different language from you and you must learn their
language to survive in their land? You don’t understand their jokes,
words, slang, signs, etc.
What happens to someone who must learn to speak a new
language? Do they keep their original culture or adopt the one of
their new language?
What will their kids and grandkids do for a language? What
happens overtime?
If you force a group of people to adopt a new language you are
killing their cultural identity. (Most Native American tribes, slaves,
immigrants, people who are conquered, people who want to fit
into the latest Pop-culture thing.)
Slide 22
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Official language: An official language is the language used by government when
making laws, official reports, public objects, money and stamps.
Slide 23
Examine the different languages spoken in Nigeria.
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Is it easy for Nigeria to be one country with
this many different languages? What do
they do for school books, road signs,
government documents, TV broadcasts?
If this is a problem for Nigeria, how did they
become a country in the first place?
You will find out in our later chapter on
Political Geography, that the borders of
Nigeria were not created by the Nigerian
people. With all these different language
groups it is difficult for Nigeria to be a
country.
What would the US be like if we had over 12
different languages spoken in different
sections of the country? Would there be an
interest in becoming 12 different countries?
Slide 24
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The top 10 most spoken languages and the
top 10 most used on the Internet.
Top 10 most spoken languages:
Mandarin Chinese 726 Million
English
427 Million
Spanish
266 Million
Hindi
182 Million
Arabic
181 Million
Portuguese
165 Million
Bengali
162 Million
Russian
158 Million
Japanese
124 Million
German
121 Million
Top 10 languages most used on the Internet.
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Language as an element of cultural diversity:
• 7000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects
• 1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone
• 400+ in New Guinea alone
• 100+ in Europe
However, the world’s diversity is diminishing: Some
languages are disappearing due to Globalization.
• 2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages
Slide 26
Endangered Languages:
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Why are they disappearing?
Globalization:
Migration (Urbanization)
Economic Development; The need to speak the language of MDC
countries.
Media…MEDC controlled.
Internet…requires Arabic alphabet character set (English letters
on the keyboard)
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Eskimo Words for Snow. The importance of snow in their lives
gives rise to 49 different descriptive words.
West Greenlandic - 49 Words
'sea-ice' siku (in plural = drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift ice/ice
field = sikut iqimaniri) 'new ice' sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover = nutaaq.) 'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural = thin ice
floes) 'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg' iluliaq (ilulisap itsirnga = part of iceberg below waterline) '(piece of)
fresh-water ice' nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach' issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on objects) sirmiq
(sirmirsuaq = Inland Ice) 'snow blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq 'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost
(on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy mist' pujurak/pujuq kanirnartuq 'hail' nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)'
aput (aput sisurtuq = avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aput masannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik =
snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq (nittaallat, pl. = snowflakes; nittaalaq nalliuttiqattaartuq = flurries) 'hard
grains of snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow' apirlaat 'snow crust'
pukak 'snowy weather' qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm' pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq 'snowdrift'
apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq 'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice' maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice'
kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice = anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)' qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq
'opening in sea ice imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice = imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice'
quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming' aakkarniq 'snow
patch (on mountain, etc.)' aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice' putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice' manirak
(stretch of snow-free ice = quasaliaq) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new ice formed in crack in old ice'
nutarniq 'bits of floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow' mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large enough to
stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping up to the surface' siirsinniq
'piled-up ice-floes frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved ice
(from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the (sea) ice' sinaaq
Slide 28
Eleven Extinct or Endangered
Languages in Cameroon:
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Bayko
BISHUO
BUNG
BUSUU
DULIGEY
LUO
NAGUMI
NDAI
NGONG
YENI
ZUMAYA
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Ninety three Extinct Languages in
the USA:
ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE, KIOWA APACHE,
LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA
CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK CHINOOK WAWA
CHITIMACHA CHUMASH CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE
COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL GALICE GROS VENTRE
HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO
KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU KITSAI KOYUKON
LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST
MAIDU, VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN MATTOLE
MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE
NATCHEZ NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO POWHATAN
QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA
SIUSLAW SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA TONKAWA
TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA
UNAMI WAILAKI WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO-WISHRAM WINTU
WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI YUROK
Slide 30
Key Points of this chapter:
30
•Language is a fundamental
element of cultural identity.
Take someone’s language away
and you kill their culture.
•Languages diverge via
migration and isolation.
•Small languages are
disappearing as a result of
globalization.
•Languages that share a
common ancestor belong to the
same family.
•Language diversity is a source
of political conflict in the world.
McDonald’s, Israel
Slide 31
Quiz yourself.
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1.
Name 20 of the Eskimo words for snow….just kidding. Don’t answer this one.
2.
The most spoken language in the world is…
3.
A group of languages that share a common origin but have evolved into different languages is known as…
4.
Our English language comes from ____________language family and we are from the
________branch of that family tree.
5.
_________is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or
more groups that live in the same place but do not have a language in common.
6.
______ is a system in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound.
7.
An ________ is a geographic boundary, which you can place on a map, within which a particular linguistic feature,
like a dialect, occurs.
8.
Why do different languages, dialects and accents occur?
9.
Explain the difference between an accent and a dialect.
Slide 32
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1. No answer…just for fun.
2. Mandarin Chinese
3. Language branches
4. Indo-European, Germanic
5. Pidgin language
6. Ideograms
7. Isogloss
8. Isolation over time and distance
9. Accent is the way different people from various regions speak, in ways such
as pronunciation of certain words or phrases. Dialect is the form of
language in which people speak, such as different forms of English from
around the world. Different spellings, terms. meanings and phrases.
Slide 33
Chapter 5 Test:
33
The following questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed
in your AP classroom.
1) Language is…A) a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. B) a spoken way to
communicate. C) written symbols and characters used to impart an idea. D) only found in modern humans.
2) A form of a language spoken in a local area is a… A) dialect. B) language branch. C) language family. D) language group.
3) A group of languages that share a common origin but have since evolved into individual languages is a… A) dialect.
B) language branch. C) language family. D) language group.
4) A group of languages that share a common ancestor before recorded history is a…A) dialect. B) language branch.
C) language family. D) language group.
5) A language chosen by an educated, powerful elite, usually the language is spoken in Courts and in the government.
A) pidgin language B) dialect C) accent D) official language E) conquest language
6) When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the roots of the trees below the surface represent… A) dialects.
B) language groups. C) language families. D) possible prehistoric super-families.
7) When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks of the trees represent…A) dialects. B) language groups.
C) language families. D) possible prehistoric super-families.
8) Germanic invaders of England included all but which tribe?
A) Angles B) Saxons C) Jutes
D) Normans
9) Both the Angles and the Normans contributed to the development of the English language, because they… A) spoke
Germanic languages. B) invaded England. C) spoke languages derived from Latin. D) diffused English around the world.
Slide 34
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10)English is the most important language in North America primarily because of…A) the diffusion of English colonies. B) the Norman
conquest. C) the global dominance of the United States. D) official government policy.
11)The first speakers of the language that evolved into English were tribes that lived in present-day…A) France. B) Denmark.
C) United States. D) Roman Empire.
12)English is part of which language group? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic
13)English is part of which language branch? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic
D) Indo-European
D) Indo-European
14)English is part of which language family? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic D) Indo-European
15)Which group of the Germanic family is extinct? A) West Germanic B) North Germanic
C) East Germanic D) South Germanic
16)The Icelandic language has changed less than any other Germanic language because of…A) Iceland's close contact with other
people and activities. B) migration by German tribes. C) Iceland's relative isolation from other places. D) the extinction of the
East Germanic group.
17)When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other members of their
tribe… A) their language usually shows very little change even over a long period of time. B) they immediately develop a literary
tradition. C) isolation usually results in the differentiation of one language into two. D) they lose their linguistic abilities.
18)Which of the following is not a Romance language… A) Bulgarian B) Italian
C) Portuguese D) Romanian
19) The language spoken by soldiers stationed throughout the Roman Empire was known as… A) a dialect of Latin. B) a Romance
language. C) a standard language. D) Vulgar Latin.
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20)The most widely spoken language in Brazil is… A) Creole. B) French. C) Portuguese.
D) Spanish.
21)A creolized language is… A) extinct. B) a mix of indigenous and colonial languages. C) an isolated language family.
D) a possible prehistoric superfamily.
22)The most widely spoken Indo-European language is… A) English. B) Hindi. C) Spanish. D) none of the above
23)The four most frequently spoken branches of Indo-European include all but…A) Balto-Slavic. B) Celtic. C) Indo-Iranian.
D) Romance.
24)The two most important languages in South America are… A) Dutch and English. B) English and Spanish. C) French and
Spanish. D) Portuguese and Spanish.
25)The Flemings and Walloons live in what country? A) Belgium B) France C) South Africa
D) Switzerland
26)The Flemings and Walloons speak languages belonging to different…A) dialects. B) language branches. C) language families.
D) language groups.
27)Official languages in Switzerland include all but which of the following?... A) Italian B) Flemish C) Romansh D) All of the above
are official languages.
28)Urdu is the most important language of… A) Bangladesh. B) India. C) Iran. D) Pakistan.
29)Russian is part of what language branch? A) Balto-Slavic B) Germanic
C) Indo-Iranian
D) Romance
30) The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is…A) Niger-Congo B) Egyptian C) English D) French E) Zulu
Slide 36
The following questions are written at the high school level. You may find some questions from part one often rewritten here. This is all
designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions.
36
31)Recent evidence points to the first speakers of the Indo-European language as the ancient…A) Celts. B) Germans. C) Kurgans.
D) Russians.
32)The Kurgans… A) conquered much of East Asia several thousand years ago. B) were a Germanic tribe that invaded England.
C) may have been the first speakers of an Indo-European language. D) preserved Basque as an isolated language.
33)Basque is spoken primarily in… A) Brittany. B) the Swiss Alps. C) the Pyrenees Mountains.
D) Barcelona, Spain.
34)According to Renfrew’s Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe… A) entirely by sea. B) by
way of the Kurgan homeland. C) by warriors on horseback. D) with the diffusion of agriculture.
35)The two largest language families in the world are… A) Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. B) Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European.
C) Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan. D) Balto-Slavic and Sino-Tibetan.
36)The language family encompassing the languages of the People's Republic of China is… A) Indo-European. B) Indo-Iranian.
C) Mandarin. D) Sino-Tibetan.
37)The language spoken by the largest single group of people in the world is…A) Cantonese.
B) English. C) Hindu. D) Mandarin.
38)British and American English differ in all but which of the following…A) alphabet B) pronunciation C) spelling
D)vocabulary
39)Hebrew is an example of… A) an isolated language. B) an extinct language. C) a revived language. D) a language family.
40)An Indo-European language is spoken in which of these European countries? A) Bulgaria B) Finland C) Hungary D) all of the
above
41) The second most widely spoken language family in Europe is…A) Balto-Slavic. B) Indo-European. C) Romance. D) Uralic.
Slide 37
37
42)The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from… A) thousands of years of
isolation between tribal groups. B) repeated invasions by outsiders. C) introduction of many different languages by the
colonial powers. D) frequent migration by the different tribal groups.
43)The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is…A) Khoisan. B) Niger-Congo. C) Nilo-Saharan. D) Afro-Asiatic.
44)African languages are distinguished by the fact that… A) most have a literary tradition. B) few are spoken by more than one
million people. C) most belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family. D) even the most important language family is spoken
by only a small percentage of Africans.
45)A lingua franca is… A) an English word that has entered the French language. B) a language that is mutually understood by
people who have different native languages. C) an extinct language that has been revived. D) an official language in a
region of the world different from where the language originated.
46)Dialects developed within England primarily because…A) different Germanic invaders settled in different regions. B) the
Normans invaded from the south. C) the Viking invaders did not remain long in England. D) British Received Pronunciation
47)A literary tradition is…A)the written form of a language B) an extinct form of a language C)found in all cultures D) the
spoken form of a language
48)Immigrants to which American colonies had the most diverse backgrounds? A) Middle Atlantic B) New England C) Northern
D) Southeast
49)An isogloss is…A) a form of a language spoken in a local area. B) a collection of unique words. C) a boundary between
language regions. D) all of the above
50) Franglais is… A) the lingua franca of France. B) a dialect of French. C) the standard language of French. D) the use of
English in the French language.
Slide 38
APHUG Chapter 5 Free Response #1
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A. Explain the key reason why different dialects and
languages exist.
B. Explain how Globalization is helping to kill many
languages worldwide.
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Slide 39
APHUG Chapter 5 Free Response #2
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1. Name and explain two problems Nigeria
has due to their numerous languages..
2. One of the key things that helps hold a
country together is a common language.
How did Nigeria become a single country
if they have so many different languages?
Explain
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Slide 40
40
Answer Key:
1. A
14. D
27. B
40. D
2. A
15. C
28. D
41. D
3. C
16. C
29. A
42. A
4. C
17. C
30. A
43. B
5. D
18. A
31. C
44. B
6. D
19. D
32. C
45. B
7. C
20. C
33. C
46. A
8. D*
21. B
34. D
47. A
9. B
22. A
35. B
48. A
10. A
23. B
36. D
49. C
11. B
24. D
37. D
50. D
12. C
25. A
38. A
13. A
26. B
39. C
8* Normans were not Germanic
Slide 41
Free Response answers.
41
FR #1:
A. The key reason for the existence of dialects is isolation over time. The longer and group has been separated
from each other , the more possibility exists for the two groups to develop their own slang terms and to have
different pronunciations and meaning for words. (Worth 10 points)
B. Globalization is promoting the world wide use of English which is diminishing some languages. Most
forms of communication, such as the internet, Hollywood movies, television and news, is dominated
by the use of Western languages, especially English. Many Folk languages are disappearing due to
lack of use. (Worth 15 pts.)
FR#2:
A. Any two of the following would answer the question. Make sure you explained your answer. Problems with
what language to use for: Government documents. textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, newspapers and
other books, instructions for items purchased, communicating with Nigerians from other parts of the country.
The explanation should cover the ideas that some members of the country may feel left out, or second class,
since theirs isn’t one of the key languages used, and that the cost to print things in many different languages
is enormous. (15 points)
B. Nigeria was created by the Europeans (Britain) when Britain conquered the land in the 1800’s. The British, not
the Nigerians, created the borders and the country. (10 points)
Slide 42
42
Calculating your grade on test #5.
Add how many you got correct on the multiple choice part (50 possible) to how many
points you scored on the FR portion (50 possible)…100 total.
The following scale will show the approximate score if this test were the real AP exam.
Remember that this is an approximation. While 65-74% is normally the range for a 3 on the
test, it is not definite. Over the years I have seen scores as low as 60% be the low portion of
a 3 score.
Out of 100 possible points:
65-76 is most likely a 3
77-87 is most likely a 4
88-100 is most likely a 5
Now lets move on to the next chapter/key topic…the
study of Religion.
1
Chapter/Key topic #5…Language
Key terms for this chapter:
Accent
Language
Anatolian Hearth theory
Language group
Creole language
Language family
Dialect
LIngua franca
Extinct language
Literary tradition
Ideogram
Official language
Isogloss
Pidgin
Isolated language
Standard language
Kurgan hearth theory
Toponym
Language branch
Vernacular
Slide 2
Chapter 5…Language
2
A language is a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and symbols that are used for
communication. The speakers of the language understand the sounds, combinations and
symbols and can communicate with each other.
Babies talking to each other: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY
Language is one of the cornerstones of culture; it lets people communicate ideas and
knowledge but also holds us back. Language reflects where the culture has been, what the
culture values, even how the people of the culture think and value things. Language can be
used as a weapon by depriving a group the opportunity to speak and forcing them to adopt a
new culture. (American Indians, European colonists around the world, African slaves.)
An isogloss is a geographic boundary, which you can place on a map, within which a particular
linguistic feature, like a dialect, occurs. (Go paak the kah. It’s a fur piece. Yu all. Fair to
middlin.) All languages have dialects within them and the isogloss is where that dialect is
strongest. Sooooo, what’s the difference in an accent and a dialect?
Slide 3
3
Most people think of an accent as something that other people have. In some cases, they
speak disparagingly about one accent compared with another. The truth is that everyone has
an accent, because an accent is simply a way of pronouncing words. The reason that you can
tell the difference between people from Boston and the Appalachians, or between London
and Manchester is because each group of people has a different way of pronouncing the
same words. In other words, accent is all about sound. They are the same words and
meanings…they just sound differently. Park the car or paak the kah.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UgpfSp2t6k (Amy Walker)
When it comes to changes in vocabulary in different regions, then you’re talking about
dialect. Dialect refers to regional differences in accent, grammar and vocabulary among
different versions of a language. For example, depending on where you live in England, one
type of baked goods could be called buns, cobs or rolls. It is likely that when you speak in the
dialect of a particular region, you will also speak in the accent of a particular region.
However, incomers may speak the dialect of a region with a different accent. This may also
apply to people who have emigrated from one country to another. They may speak a
different form of a language from those born in that country. Arnold Schwarzenegger
has an accent when he speaks English because his native language is
Austrian. He may also have a dialect when he speaks Austrian.
Slide 4
4
Some of the Isoglosses of common dialects
found in the US.
Slide 5
5
Why Do People Living in Distinct
Locations Speak English Differently?
Isolation over long periods of time
Integration with other cultures
Interplay of migrants
Slide 6
6
Is this a dialect or an accent? Both? Remember that accent is the way different people
from various regions speak, in ways such as pronunciation of certain words or
phrases, while dialect is the form of language in which people speak, such as
different forms of English from around the world. Different spellings, terms and
phrases.
Different accents vary by pronunciation, while dialects have some unique
vocabulary and sometimes even small variations in grammar. The British spell
the word check, cheque and color, colour. Billabong is Australian slang for a
lake.
The Lord’s Prayer in modern and Old English (870 AD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYQoEcygK3Y&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkTW3uHTg7U&feature=related
Slide 7
This map shows how many dialects exist in the US and Canada. Why so many?
7
Slide 8
Key Term:
8
Ideograms: The system
of writing used in China
and other East Asian
Countries in which each
symbol represents an
idea or a concept rather
than a specific sound,
as is the case with
letters in English.
Slide 9
9
A vernacular, mother tongue or mother language is
the native language of a population located in a
country or in an area. English is the native tongue of the
UK. This is the first language a person learns to speak.
Lingua Franca is a language created by speakers of
two different languages so they can do business with
each other. It might contain words from both (or many)
languages. Both groups keep their own language using
the Lingua Franca for trade. They don’t live in the same
place and only meet each other occasionally. Swahili
spoken in southern Africa is the best example of a
Lingua Franca. Arab traders from the middle east did
business with native Africans as early as the 500’s and
Swahili was born as a Lingua Franca for trade.
Slide 10
10
Pidgin language is a simplified language that develops as a means of
communication between two or more groups that live in the same place but do
not have a language in common. When the US took over Hawaii a pidgin
language was created between native Hawaiian and English. Fundamentally, a
pidgin is a simplified means of linguistic communication. A pidgin is not the
native language of any speech community, but instead is learned as a second
language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from
multiple other languages and cultures. Pidgins usually have low prestige with
respect to other languages. Why?
The Lord’s Prayer Hawaiian pidgin.
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9_V5BXaXJc
(Hawaiian pidgin)
A Creole language, or simply a Creole, is a stable language that has originated
from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, acquired by children). It
is a pidgin which has become a full time language. Most often, the vocabulary
comes from the dominant group and the grammar from the subordinate group,
where such stratification exists. For example, Jamaican Creole features largely
English words with West African grammar.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRI3srdcia0
Jamaican Creole (Patois)
Slide 11
11
We study languages by seeing how they are related to
other languages. Language families: are languages that
are related. There are 8 main language families, (and
other) from which most languages developed over
time. Our English language comes from Indo-European
language family and we are from the German branch
of that family tree.
The language tree works like this:
Language family………..Indo-European
Language branch………..Germanic
Language group…………West Germanic
The language……………English
Subfamily……………….American English
The dialect……………...New England
Slide 12
12
Most languages can be classified into one of a handful of language families. The map colors show the distribution of each
family. Note especially the worldwide span of Indo-European languages but the relatively narrow diffusion of Sino-Tibetan
tongues, (only in China, Tibet and small parts of S. Asia). Languages that have more than 50 million speakers are identified on
the map.
Slide 13
13
Language Branches:
A group of languages that share a common origin
but have evolved into different languages
example: Indo-European Family - Romance
Branch – French, Spanish, Portuguese,
Romanch
Slide 14
14
The Indo-European
Language tree leading
up to today’s modern
European languages.
English is found on the
Western Germanic
branch of the tree.
Slide 15
15
Slide 16
16
Language Groups:
Several individual languages within
a language branch
share a common origin in recent
past
few differences in grammar and
vocabulary
Slide 17
Where does American English come from?
17
North
Germanic
West Germanic
Language Groups
American English is a dialect of
English which comes from the West
Germanic language group of the
Germanic branch of the IndoEuropean language. Our American
English has its own dialects too.
Slide 18
18
Sooooooo…..one more time!!!!!
The English language tree works like this:
Language family………..Indo-European
Language branch………..Germanic
Language group…………West Germanic
The language……………English
Subfamily……………….American English
The dialect……………..Depends on where you are in the US.
Slide 19
Where did the Indo-European family come from? (known as Proto-Endo-European)
19
There are two popular
theories as to the origin of
the Indo-European
language family, both
beginning over 4000 years
ago.
1. The Anatolian Hearth,
or Renfew Sedentary
Farmer theory.
(Diagram right)
1. The Kurgan Hearth
Theory (next slide)
Slide 20
20
The Kurgan Hearth
Theory:
This theory says that
migrating nomads,
(known as the
Kurgan’s) spread the
proto-Indo-European
language as they
migrated from
southern Russia over
4000 years ago.
Slide 21
Language can be used as a weapon.
21
How would you feel if you were surrounded by thousands of people
who speak a different language from you and you must learn their
language to survive in their land? You don’t understand their jokes,
words, slang, signs, etc.
What happens to someone who must learn to speak a new
language? Do they keep their original culture or adopt the one of
their new language?
What will their kids and grandkids do for a language? What
happens overtime?
If you force a group of people to adopt a new language you are
killing their cultural identity. (Most Native American tribes, slaves,
immigrants, people who are conquered, people who want to fit
into the latest Pop-culture thing.)
Slide 22
22
Official language: An official language is the language used by government when
making laws, official reports, public objects, money and stamps.
Slide 23
Examine the different languages spoken in Nigeria.
23
Is it easy for Nigeria to be one country with
this many different languages? What do
they do for school books, road signs,
government documents, TV broadcasts?
If this is a problem for Nigeria, how did they
become a country in the first place?
You will find out in our later chapter on
Political Geography, that the borders of
Nigeria were not created by the Nigerian
people. With all these different language
groups it is difficult for Nigeria to be a
country.
What would the US be like if we had over 12
different languages spoken in different
sections of the country? Would there be an
interest in becoming 12 different countries?
Slide 24
24
The top 10 most spoken languages and the
top 10 most used on the Internet.
Top 10 most spoken languages:
Mandarin Chinese 726 Million
English
427 Million
Spanish
266 Million
Hindi
182 Million
Arabic
181 Million
Portuguese
165 Million
Bengali
162 Million
Russian
158 Million
Japanese
124 Million
German
121 Million
Top 10 languages most used on the Internet.
Slide 25
25
Language as an element of cultural diversity:
• 7000+ Languages spoken today, not including dialects
• 1500+ Spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa alone
• 400+ in New Guinea alone
• 100+ in Europe
However, the world’s diversity is diminishing: Some
languages are disappearing due to Globalization.
• 2000+ Threatened or Endangered Languages
Slide 26
Endangered Languages:
26
Why are they disappearing?
Globalization:
Migration (Urbanization)
Economic Development; The need to speak the language of MDC
countries.
Media…MEDC controlled.
Internet…requires Arabic alphabet character set (English letters
on the keyboard)
Slide 27
27
Eskimo Words for Snow. The importance of snow in their lives
gives rise to 49 different descriptive words.
West Greenlandic - 49 Words
'sea-ice' siku (in plural = drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift ice/ice
field = sikut iqimaniri) 'new ice' sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover = nutaaq.) 'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural = thin ice
floes) 'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg' iluliaq (ilulisap itsirnga = part of iceberg below waterline) '(piece of)
fresh-water ice' nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach' issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on objects) sirmiq
(sirmirsuaq = Inland Ice) 'snow blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq 'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost
(on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy mist' pujurak/pujuq kanirnartuq 'hail' nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)'
aput (aput sisurtuq = avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aput masannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik =
snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq (nittaallat, pl. = snowflakes; nittaalaq nalliuttiqattaartuq = flurries) 'hard
grains of snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow' apirlaat 'snow crust'
pukak 'snowy weather' qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm' pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq 'snowdrift'
apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq 'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice' maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice'
kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice = anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)' qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq
'opening in sea ice imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice = imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice'
quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming' aakkarniq 'snow
patch (on mountain, etc.)' aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice' putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice' manirak
(stretch of snow-free ice = quasaliaq) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new ice formed in crack in old ice'
nutarniq 'bits of floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow' mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large enough to
stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping up to the surface' siirsinniq
'piled-up ice-floes frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved ice
(from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the (sea) ice' sinaaq
Slide 28
Eleven Extinct or Endangered
Languages in Cameroon:
28
Bayko
BISHUO
BUNG
BUSUU
DULIGEY
LUO
NAGUMI
NDAI
NGONG
YENI
ZUMAYA
Slide 29
29
Ninety three Extinct Languages in
the USA:
ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE, KIOWA APACHE,
LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA
CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK CHINOOK WAWA
CHITIMACHA CHUMASH CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE
COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL GALICE GROS VENTRE
HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO
KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU KITSAI KOYUKON
LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST
MAIDU, VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN MATTOLE
MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE
NATCHEZ NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO POWHATAN
QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA
SIUSLAW SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA TONKAWA
TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA
UNAMI WAILAKI WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO-WISHRAM WINTU
WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI YUROK
Slide 30
Key Points of this chapter:
30
•Language is a fundamental
element of cultural identity.
Take someone’s language away
and you kill their culture.
•Languages diverge via
migration and isolation.
•Small languages are
disappearing as a result of
globalization.
•Languages that share a
common ancestor belong to the
same family.
•Language diversity is a source
of political conflict in the world.
McDonald’s, Israel
Slide 31
Quiz yourself.
31
1.
Name 20 of the Eskimo words for snow….just kidding. Don’t answer this one.
2.
The most spoken language in the world is…
3.
A group of languages that share a common origin but have evolved into different languages is known as…
4.
Our English language comes from ____________language family and we are from the
________branch of that family tree.
5.
_________is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or
more groups that live in the same place but do not have a language in common.
6.
______ is a system in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound.
7.
An ________ is a geographic boundary, which you can place on a map, within which a particular linguistic feature,
like a dialect, occurs.
8.
Why do different languages, dialects and accents occur?
9.
Explain the difference between an accent and a dialect.
Slide 32
32
1. No answer…just for fun.
2. Mandarin Chinese
3. Language branches
4. Indo-European, Germanic
5. Pidgin language
6. Ideograms
7. Isogloss
8. Isolation over time and distance
9. Accent is the way different people from various regions speak, in ways such
as pronunciation of certain words or phrases. Dialect is the form of
language in which people speak, such as different forms of English from
around the world. Different spellings, terms. meanings and phrases.
Slide 33
Chapter 5 Test:
33
The following questions come from a combination of our slides, your text book, and common knowledge you should have discussed
in your AP classroom.
1) Language is…A) a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols used for communication. B) a spoken way to
communicate. C) written symbols and characters used to impart an idea. D) only found in modern humans.
2) A form of a language spoken in a local area is a… A) dialect. B) language branch. C) language family. D) language group.
3) A group of languages that share a common origin but have since evolved into individual languages is a… A) dialect.
B) language branch. C) language family. D) language group.
4) A group of languages that share a common ancestor before recorded history is a…A) dialect. B) language branch.
C) language family. D) language group.
5) A language chosen by an educated, powerful elite, usually the language is spoken in Courts and in the government.
A) pidgin language B) dialect C) accent D) official language E) conquest language
6) When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the roots of the trees below the surface represent… A) dialects.
B) language groups. C) language families. D) possible prehistoric super-families.
7) When languages are depicted as leaves on trees, the trunks of the trees represent…A) dialects. B) language groups.
C) language families. D) possible prehistoric super-families.
8) Germanic invaders of England included all but which tribe?
A) Angles B) Saxons C) Jutes
D) Normans
9) Both the Angles and the Normans contributed to the development of the English language, because they… A) spoke
Germanic languages. B) invaded England. C) spoke languages derived from Latin. D) diffused English around the world.
Slide 34
34
10)English is the most important language in North America primarily because of…A) the diffusion of English colonies. B) the Norman
conquest. C) the global dominance of the United States. D) official government policy.
11)The first speakers of the language that evolved into English were tribes that lived in present-day…A) France. B) Denmark.
C) United States. D) Roman Empire.
12)English is part of which language group? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic
13)English is part of which language branch? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic
D) Indo-European
D) Indo-European
14)English is part of which language family? A) Germanic B) North Germanic C) West Germanic D) Indo-European
15)Which group of the Germanic family is extinct? A) West Germanic B) North Germanic
C) East Germanic D) South Germanic
16)The Icelandic language has changed less than any other Germanic language because of…A) Iceland's close contact with other
people and activities. B) migration by German tribes. C) Iceland's relative isolation from other places. D) the extinction of the
East Germanic group.
17)When people who speak a given language migrate to a different location and become isolated from other members of their
tribe… A) their language usually shows very little change even over a long period of time. B) they immediately develop a literary
tradition. C) isolation usually results in the differentiation of one language into two. D) they lose their linguistic abilities.
18)Which of the following is not a Romance language… A) Bulgarian B) Italian
C) Portuguese D) Romanian
19) The language spoken by soldiers stationed throughout the Roman Empire was known as… A) a dialect of Latin. B) a Romance
language. C) a standard language. D) Vulgar Latin.
Slide 35
35
20)The most widely spoken language in Brazil is… A) Creole. B) French. C) Portuguese.
D) Spanish.
21)A creolized language is… A) extinct. B) a mix of indigenous and colonial languages. C) an isolated language family.
D) a possible prehistoric superfamily.
22)The most widely spoken Indo-European language is… A) English. B) Hindi. C) Spanish. D) none of the above
23)The four most frequently spoken branches of Indo-European include all but…A) Balto-Slavic. B) Celtic. C) Indo-Iranian.
D) Romance.
24)The two most important languages in South America are… A) Dutch and English. B) English and Spanish. C) French and
Spanish. D) Portuguese and Spanish.
25)The Flemings and Walloons live in what country? A) Belgium B) France C) South Africa
D) Switzerland
26)The Flemings and Walloons speak languages belonging to different…A) dialects. B) language branches. C) language families.
D) language groups.
27)Official languages in Switzerland include all but which of the following?... A) Italian B) Flemish C) Romansh D) All of the above
are official languages.
28)Urdu is the most important language of… A) Bangladesh. B) India. C) Iran. D) Pakistan.
29)Russian is part of what language branch? A) Balto-Slavic B) Germanic
C) Indo-Iranian
D) Romance
30) The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is…A) Niger-Congo B) Egyptian C) English D) French E) Zulu
Slide 36
The following questions are written at the high school level. You may find some questions from part one often rewritten here. This is all
designed to help you transition to the college/AP style of written questions.
36
31)Recent evidence points to the first speakers of the Indo-European language as the ancient…A) Celts. B) Germans. C) Kurgans.
D) Russians.
32)The Kurgans… A) conquered much of East Asia several thousand years ago. B) were a Germanic tribe that invaded England.
C) may have been the first speakers of an Indo-European language. D) preserved Basque as an isolated language.
33)Basque is spoken primarily in… A) Brittany. B) the Swiss Alps. C) the Pyrenees Mountains.
D) Barcelona, Spain.
34)According to Renfrew’s Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European languages diffused across Europe… A) entirely by sea. B) by
way of the Kurgan homeland. C) by warriors on horseback. D) with the diffusion of agriculture.
35)The two largest language families in the world are… A) Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic. B) Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European.
C) Afro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan. D) Balto-Slavic and Sino-Tibetan.
36)The language family encompassing the languages of the People's Republic of China is… A) Indo-European. B) Indo-Iranian.
C) Mandarin. D) Sino-Tibetan.
37)The language spoken by the largest single group of people in the world is…A) Cantonese.
B) English. C) Hindu. D) Mandarin.
38)British and American English differ in all but which of the following…A) alphabet B) pronunciation C) spelling
D)vocabulary
39)Hebrew is an example of… A) an isolated language. B) an extinct language. C) a revived language. D) a language family.
40)An Indo-European language is spoken in which of these European countries? A) Bulgaria B) Finland C) Hungary D) all of the
above
41) The second most widely spoken language family in Europe is…A) Balto-Slavic. B) Indo-European. C) Romance. D) Uralic.
Slide 37
37
42)The large number of individual languages documented in Africa has resulted primarily from… A) thousands of years of
isolation between tribal groups. B) repeated invasions by outsiders. C) introduction of many different languages by the
colonial powers. D) frequent migration by the different tribal groups.
43)The most important language family in Sub-Saharan Africa is…A) Khoisan. B) Niger-Congo. C) Nilo-Saharan. D) Afro-Asiatic.
44)African languages are distinguished by the fact that… A) most have a literary tradition. B) few are spoken by more than one
million people. C) most belong to the Nilo-Saharan language family. D) even the most important language family is spoken
by only a small percentage of Africans.
45)A lingua franca is… A) an English word that has entered the French language. B) a language that is mutually understood by
people who have different native languages. C) an extinct language that has been revived. D) an official language in a
region of the world different from where the language originated.
46)Dialects developed within England primarily because…A) different Germanic invaders settled in different regions. B) the
Normans invaded from the south. C) the Viking invaders did not remain long in England. D) British Received Pronunciation
47)A literary tradition is…A)the written form of a language B) an extinct form of a language C)found in all cultures D) the
spoken form of a language
48)Immigrants to which American colonies had the most diverse backgrounds? A) Middle Atlantic B) New England C) Northern
D) Southeast
49)An isogloss is…A) a form of a language spoken in a local area. B) a collection of unique words. C) a boundary between
language regions. D) all of the above
50) Franglais is… A) the lingua franca of France. B) a dialect of French. C) the standard language of French. D) the use of
English in the French language.
Slide 38
APHUG Chapter 5 Free Response #1
38
A. Explain the key reason why different dialects and
languages exist.
B. Explain how Globalization is helping to kill many
languages worldwide.
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Slide 39
APHUG Chapter 5 Free Response #2
39
1. Name and explain two problems Nigeria
has due to their numerous languages..
2. One of the key things that helps hold a
country together is a common language.
How did Nigeria become a single country
if they have so many different languages?
Explain
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Slide 40
40
Answer Key:
1. A
14. D
27. B
40. D
2. A
15. C
28. D
41. D
3. C
16. C
29. A
42. A
4. C
17. C
30. A
43. B
5. D
18. A
31. C
44. B
6. D
19. D
32. C
45. B
7. C
20. C
33. C
46. A
8. D*
21. B
34. D
47. A
9. B
22. A
35. B
48. A
10. A
23. B
36. D
49. C
11. B
24. D
37. D
50. D
12. C
25. A
38. A
13. A
26. B
39. C
8* Normans were not Germanic
Slide 41
Free Response answers.
41
FR #1:
A. The key reason for the existence of dialects is isolation over time. The longer and group has been separated
from each other , the more possibility exists for the two groups to develop their own slang terms and to have
different pronunciations and meaning for words. (Worth 10 points)
B. Globalization is promoting the world wide use of English which is diminishing some languages. Most
forms of communication, such as the internet, Hollywood movies, television and news, is dominated
by the use of Western languages, especially English. Many Folk languages are disappearing due to
lack of use. (Worth 15 pts.)
FR#2:
A. Any two of the following would answer the question. Make sure you explained your answer. Problems with
what language to use for: Government documents. textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, newspapers and
other books, instructions for items purchased, communicating with Nigerians from other parts of the country.
The explanation should cover the ideas that some members of the country may feel left out, or second class,
since theirs isn’t one of the key languages used, and that the cost to print things in many different languages
is enormous. (15 points)
B. Nigeria was created by the Europeans (Britain) when Britain conquered the land in the 1800’s. The British, not
the Nigerians, created the borders and the country. (10 points)
Slide 42
42
Calculating your grade on test #5.
Add how many you got correct on the multiple choice part (50 possible) to how many
points you scored on the FR portion (50 possible)…100 total.
The following scale will show the approximate score if this test were the real AP exam.
Remember that this is an approximation. While 65-74% is normally the range for a 3 on the
test, it is not definite. Over the years I have seen scores as low as 60% be the low portion of
a 3 score.
Out of 100 possible points:
65-76 is most likely a 3
77-87 is most likely a 4
88-100 is most likely a 5
Now lets move on to the next chapter/key topic…the
study of Religion.