Instrument Ground Training Module 7 Randy Schoephoerster www.airtreknorth.com Agenda • Airports, ATC and Airspace – – – – – Hypoxia Hyperventilation Spatial Disorientation Vision Visual Illusions.
Download ReportTranscript Instrument Ground Training Module 7 Randy Schoephoerster www.airtreknorth.com Agenda • Airports, ATC and Airspace – – – – – Hypoxia Hyperventilation Spatial Disorientation Vision Visual Illusions.
Slide 1
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com
Slide 2
Agenda
• Airports, ATC and Airspace
–
–
–
–
–
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Spatial Disorientation
Vision
Visual Illusions
Slide 3
CAUTION…………………..
•
The sole purpose of this class is to expedite your passing the FAA knowledge
test. With that said, all extra material not directly tested on the FAA
knowledge test is omitted, even though much more information and
knowledge is necessary to fly safely. Consult the FAR/AIM (CFR) and other
FAA Handbooks for further information along with a Flight Instruction course.
•
Instrument Knowledge Test is good for 24 calendar months.
–
•
FAA-G-8082-13D
www. sportys.com/faatest
Slide 4
CFR 61.65 (d)
Instrument Practical Test Requirements
• (d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. A
person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have
logged:
– (1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in command, of
which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and
– (2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of
operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have
been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrumentairplane rating, and the instrument time includes:
• (i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an
airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar
months before the date of the practical test; and
• (ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one
cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is
performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with
an air traffic control facility, and that involves—
– (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air
traffic control facility;
– (B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
– (C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.
Slide 5
HYPOXIA AND HYPERVENTILATION
• Hypoxia results from a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream
and causes a lack of clear thinking, fatigue, euphoria, and,
shortly thereafter, unconsciousness.
– Symptoms of hypoxia are difficult to detect before the
pilot’s reactions are affected.
• Hyperventilation occurs when an excessive amount of
air is breathed into the lungs at an excessive rate, e.g., when
one becomes excited as a result of stress, fear, or anxiety.
– Overcome hyperventilation symptoms by slowing the
breathing rate, by placing a paper bag over your nose and
mouth and breathing into it, or by talking aloud.
Slide 6
Hypoxia
• Deterioration in night vision occurs at pressure altitude
as low a 5,000ft
• Other effects of altitude hypoxia occurs above 12,000ft
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Headache
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Euphoria or Belligerence
Judgment
Memory
Alertness
Coordination
Ability to make calculations
Slide 7
Hypoxia
• Performance seriously deteriorates in less
than 15 minutes at 15,000ft MSL
– Periphery Vision turns gray
– Only central vision remains (tunnel vision)
– Fingernails and lips turn blue (cyanosis)
• 18,000 – 20,000ft MSL, ability to think straight
is lost in 20 – 30 minutes
• At 20,000ft MSL, occurs in 5-12 minutes
followed by unconsciousness
Slide 8
Hypoxia
• Hypoxia can occur at lower altitudes if you have
one of the following
– Carbon monoxide from exhaust fumes
– Alcohol, antihistamines, tranquilizers, sedatives,
analgesics
– Extreme heat/cold
– Fever
– Anxiety
• Hypoxia is prevented/corrected by
– Using oxygen above 5,000ft at night and 10,000ft day
– Use lower altitude
Slide 9
Hypoxia Question
Slide 10
Hyperventilation
• Abnormal increase in volume of air breathed in and out of
the lungs
– Occurs during a stressful situation
– Flushed the needed carbon dioxide to maintain the proper
blood acidity
– Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dizziness
Tingling in fingers/toes
Hot/Cold sensations
Drowsiness
Nausea
Feeling of suffocation
Incapacitation results from disorientation and muscle spasms leading
then into unconsciousness
– Reaction to the symptoms causes even greater hyperventilation
Slide 11
Hyperventilation
• Symptoms subside within a few minutes after the
rate and depth of breathing are slowed
– Hasten the recovery by breathing in and out of a
paper bag, talking, singing or counting aloud
• Early symptoms of Hyperventilation and Hypoxia
are similar and can occur at the same time
– If using oxygen during early symptoms, set the
regulator to deliver 100% oxygen to make sure it’s not
hypoxia
– If not hypoxia, slow rate and depth of breathing
Slide 12
Hyperventilation Question
Slide 13
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
•
Spatial disorientation (sometimes called vertigo) is a state of
temporary confusion resulting from misleading information sent
to the brain by various sensory organs.
•
The best way to overcome the effects of spatial disorientation is to
rely on the airplane instruments and ignore body (kinesthetic)
signals.
•
The nervous system often interprets centrifugal force as vertical
movement, i.e., rising or falling.
•
Coriolis illusion is caused by an abrupt head movement in a
prolonged constant-rate turn.
•
This can cause spatial disorientation.
Slide 14
Spatial Disorientation
• An abrupt change from a climb to straight-andlevel flight can create the illusion of tumbling
backwards.
• A rapid acceleration during takeoff can create
the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude.
• False horizon is an illusion that is caused by a
sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon, or
a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars.
Slide 15
Illusions Leading to Spatial
Disorientation
• Leans
– Abrupt correction of a banked attitude which was entered
too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system of the
ear, creates the illusion of banking in the opposite
direction
– Solved by reference to the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear nerves
• Coriollis Illusion
– Caused by an abrupt head movement during a long
constant-rate turn that ceased to stimulate the inner ear
– So don’t make abrupt head movements in IFR and watch
the flight instruments
Slide 16
Slide 17
Spatial Disorientation
Slide 18
Illusions Leading to Spatial
Disorientation
• Graveyard Spin
– Recovery from a long spin can cease to stimulate the inner ear
and create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction.
– Pilot then returns the aircraft to its original spin
– Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear
• Graveyard Spiral
– Loss of altitude during a coordinated constant rate turn ceases
to stimulate the inner ear creates the illusion of being in a
descent with the wings level.
– Pilot pulls back on the controls, tightening the spiral and
increasing the loss of altitude
– Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear and seat nerves
Slide 19
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 20
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 21
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 22
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 23
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 24
Didn’t get to these on Day 8
Slide 25
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com
Slide 26
Vision and Visual Illusion
• Pilots should adapt their eyes for night flying by avoiding
bright white lights for 30 minutes prior to flight
– White light must be avoided since it will cause temporary night
blindness and impair night vision
• Scan for other aircraft in daylight using short regularly
spaced eye movements
– Scan for 10 degs increments every 1-2 seconds
– Only the small center area of the eye can send clear, sharp,
focused messages to the brain. All other areas of the eye
provide less detail
• At Night, use off center vision and slowly scan back and
forth to facilitate off-center viewing
Slide 27
Vision
Slide 28
Vision Questions
Slide 29
Vision Questions
Slide 30
Visual Illusions
• Haze
– Creates the illusion of being a greater distance from the
runway than actual
– Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
• Narrow Runway
– Creates the illusion that the airplane is higher than actual
– Result : Pilot flies lower than normal approach
• Upward Sloping Runway
– Creates illusion that airplane is higher than actual
– Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
– Downward causes the opposite
Slide 31
Visual Illusion Questions
Slide 32
Visual Illusion Questions
Slide 33
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com
Slide 2
Agenda
• Airports, ATC and Airspace
–
–
–
–
–
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Spatial Disorientation
Vision
Visual Illusions
Slide 3
CAUTION…………………..
•
The sole purpose of this class is to expedite your passing the FAA knowledge
test. With that said, all extra material not directly tested on the FAA
knowledge test is omitted, even though much more information and
knowledge is necessary to fly safely. Consult the FAR/AIM (CFR) and other
FAA Handbooks for further information along with a Flight Instruction course.
•
Instrument Knowledge Test is good for 24 calendar months.
–
•
FAA-G-8082-13D
www. sportys.com/faatest
Slide 4
CFR 61.65 (d)
Instrument Practical Test Requirements
• (d) Aeronautical experience for the instrument-airplane rating. A
person who applies for an instrument-airplane rating must have
logged:
– (1) Fifty hours of cross country flight time as pilot in command, of
which 10 hours must have been in an airplane; and
– (2) Forty hours of actual or simulated instrument time in the areas of
operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must have
been received from an authorized instructor who holds an instrumentairplane rating, and the instrument time includes:
• (i) Three hours of instrument flight training from an authorized instructor in an
airplane that is appropriate to the instrument-airplane rating within 2 calendar
months before the date of the practical test; and
• (ii) Instrument flight training on cross country flight procedures, including one
cross country flight in an airplane with an authorized instructor, that is
performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has been filed with
an air traffic control facility, and that involves—
– (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing from an air
traffic control facility;
– (B) An instrument approach at each airport; and
– (C) Three different kinds of approaches with the use of navigation systems.
Slide 5
HYPOXIA AND HYPERVENTILATION
• Hypoxia results from a lack of oxygen in the bloodstream
and causes a lack of clear thinking, fatigue, euphoria, and,
shortly thereafter, unconsciousness.
– Symptoms of hypoxia are difficult to detect before the
pilot’s reactions are affected.
• Hyperventilation occurs when an excessive amount of
air is breathed into the lungs at an excessive rate, e.g., when
one becomes excited as a result of stress, fear, or anxiety.
– Overcome hyperventilation symptoms by slowing the
breathing rate, by placing a paper bag over your nose and
mouth and breathing into it, or by talking aloud.
Slide 6
Hypoxia
• Deterioration in night vision occurs at pressure altitude
as low a 5,000ft
• Other effects of altitude hypoxia occurs above 12,000ft
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Headache
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Euphoria or Belligerence
Judgment
Memory
Alertness
Coordination
Ability to make calculations
Slide 7
Hypoxia
• Performance seriously deteriorates in less
than 15 minutes at 15,000ft MSL
– Periphery Vision turns gray
– Only central vision remains (tunnel vision)
– Fingernails and lips turn blue (cyanosis)
• 18,000 – 20,000ft MSL, ability to think straight
is lost in 20 – 30 minutes
• At 20,000ft MSL, occurs in 5-12 minutes
followed by unconsciousness
Slide 8
Hypoxia
• Hypoxia can occur at lower altitudes if you have
one of the following
– Carbon monoxide from exhaust fumes
– Alcohol, antihistamines, tranquilizers, sedatives,
analgesics
– Extreme heat/cold
– Fever
– Anxiety
• Hypoxia is prevented/corrected by
– Using oxygen above 5,000ft at night and 10,000ft day
– Use lower altitude
Slide 9
Hypoxia Question
Slide 10
Hyperventilation
• Abnormal increase in volume of air breathed in and out of
the lungs
– Occurs during a stressful situation
– Flushed the needed carbon dioxide to maintain the proper
blood acidity
– Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dizziness
Tingling in fingers/toes
Hot/Cold sensations
Drowsiness
Nausea
Feeling of suffocation
Incapacitation results from disorientation and muscle spasms leading
then into unconsciousness
– Reaction to the symptoms causes even greater hyperventilation
Slide 11
Hyperventilation
• Symptoms subside within a few minutes after the
rate and depth of breathing are slowed
– Hasten the recovery by breathing in and out of a
paper bag, talking, singing or counting aloud
• Early symptoms of Hyperventilation and Hypoxia
are similar and can occur at the same time
– If using oxygen during early symptoms, set the
regulator to deliver 100% oxygen to make sure it’s not
hypoxia
– If not hypoxia, slow rate and depth of breathing
Slide 12
Hyperventilation Question
Slide 13
SPATIAL DISORIENTATION
•
Spatial disorientation (sometimes called vertigo) is a state of
temporary confusion resulting from misleading information sent
to the brain by various sensory organs.
•
The best way to overcome the effects of spatial disorientation is to
rely on the airplane instruments and ignore body (kinesthetic)
signals.
•
The nervous system often interprets centrifugal force as vertical
movement, i.e., rising or falling.
•
Coriolis illusion is caused by an abrupt head movement in a
prolonged constant-rate turn.
•
This can cause spatial disorientation.
Slide 14
Spatial Disorientation
• An abrupt change from a climb to straight-andlevel flight can create the illusion of tumbling
backwards.
• A rapid acceleration during takeoff can create
the illusion of being in a nose-up attitude.
• False horizon is an illusion that is caused by a
sloping cloud formation, an obscured horizon, or
a dark scene spread with ground lights and stars.
Slide 15
Illusions Leading to Spatial
Disorientation
• Leans
– Abrupt correction of a banked attitude which was entered
too slowly to stimulate the motion sensing system of the
ear, creates the illusion of banking in the opposite
direction
– Solved by reference to the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear nerves
• Coriollis Illusion
– Caused by an abrupt head movement during a long
constant-rate turn that ceased to stimulate the inner ear
– So don’t make abrupt head movements in IFR and watch
the flight instruments
Slide 16
Slide 17
Spatial Disorientation
Slide 18
Illusions Leading to Spatial
Disorientation
• Graveyard Spin
– Recovery from a long spin can cease to stimulate the inner ear
and create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction.
– Pilot then returns the aircraft to its original spin
– Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear
• Graveyard Spiral
– Loss of altitude during a coordinated constant rate turn ceases
to stimulate the inner ear creates the illusion of being in a
descent with the wings level.
– Pilot pulls back on the controls, tightening the spiral and
increasing the loss of altitude
– Corrective action: Watch the flight instruments so vision can
overcome the inner ear and seat nerves
Slide 19
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 20
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 21
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 22
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 23
Spatial Disorientation Questions
Slide 24
Didn’t get to these on Day 8
Slide 25
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com
Slide 26
Vision and Visual Illusion
• Pilots should adapt their eyes for night flying by avoiding
bright white lights for 30 minutes prior to flight
– White light must be avoided since it will cause temporary night
blindness and impair night vision
• Scan for other aircraft in daylight using short regularly
spaced eye movements
– Scan for 10 degs increments every 1-2 seconds
– Only the small center area of the eye can send clear, sharp,
focused messages to the brain. All other areas of the eye
provide less detail
• At Night, use off center vision and slowly scan back and
forth to facilitate off-center viewing
Slide 27
Vision
Slide 28
Vision Questions
Slide 29
Vision Questions
Slide 30
Visual Illusions
• Haze
– Creates the illusion of being a greater distance from the
runway than actual
– Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
• Narrow Runway
– Creates the illusion that the airplane is higher than actual
– Result : Pilot flies lower than normal approach
• Upward Sloping Runway
– Creates illusion that airplane is higher than actual
– Result: Pilot flies lower than normal approach
– Downward causes the opposite
Slide 31
Visual Illusion Questions
Slide 32
Visual Illusion Questions
Slide 33
Instrument Ground Training
Module 7
Randy Schoephoerster
www.airtreknorth.com