Without using your sheets, list as many bones as you can remember from Friday. ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage LearningDelmar, Cengage Learning ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage LearningDelmar, Cengage Learning Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able.
Download ReportTranscript Without using your sheets, list as many bones as you can remember from Friday. ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage LearningDelmar, Cengage Learning ©©2011 Delmar, Cengage LearningDelmar, Cengage Learning Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able.
Slide 1
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 2
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 3
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 4
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 5
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 6
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 7
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 8
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 9
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 10
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 11
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 12
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 13
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 14
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 15
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 16
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 17
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 18
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 19
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 20
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 21
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 22
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 23
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 24
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 25
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 26
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 27
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 28
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 29
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 30
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 31
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 32
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 33
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 34
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 35
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 36
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 37
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 38
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 39
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 40
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 41
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 42
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 43
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 44
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 45
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 46
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 2
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 3
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 4
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 5
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 6
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 7
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 8
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 9
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 10
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 11
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 12
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 13
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 14
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 15
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 16
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 17
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 18
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 19
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 20
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 21
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 22
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 23
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 24
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 25
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 26
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 27
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 28
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 29
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 30
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 31
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 32
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 33
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 34
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 35
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 36
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 37
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 38
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 39
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 40
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 41
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 42
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 43
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 44
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 45
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46
Slide 46
Without using your sheets, list as many
bones as you can remember from Friday.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
1
1
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to:
› Explain the difference between the axial and
appendicular skeleton
› Define the functions of the skeletal system
› Define the six types of fractures
› Explain the difference between skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
3
3
Upon completion of this chapter, you should
be able to (cont’d.):
› Explain the physiology of a muscle strain
› Describe the function of a nerve cell
› Explain nerve injuries and their treatment
› List the different types of soft tissue injuries and
their treatment
› Explain how the body responds to injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
4
4
Average human skeleton: 206 bones
Joined to ligaments & tendons
Form protective & supportive framework
for attached muscles & soft tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
5
5
2 main parts to skeleton:
› Axial skeleton: consists of skull, spine, ribs, &
sternum (80 bones)
› Appendicular skeleton: shoulder & pelvis
girdles, limbs (126 bones)
Babies born with 270 bones 64 fuse
together
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
6
6
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
7
7
Functions:
› Aids in body movement
› Supports and protects internal body organs
› Produces red and white blood cells
› Provides a storehouse for minerals
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
8
8
Consist of osteocytes (mature bone cells)
Made of:
› 35% organic material
› 65% inorganic mineral salts, and water
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
9
9
Formation:
› Initially consists of collagenous protein fibers
secreted by osteoblasts
› During embryonic development, cartilage is
deposited between fibers
› During the eighth week of embryonic
development, ossification begins
Mineral matter starts to replace previously formed
cartilage, creating bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
10
10
Structure of long bone
› Diaphysis: shaft of long
bone
› Epiphysis: end of long
bone
› Medullary cavity: center
of the diaphysis
› Epiphyseal plates
(“growth plates”)
Common site of
fractures for
adolescents
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
11
Structure of long bone (cont’d)
› Spongy bone: results from breakdown of
hard bone
› Periosteum: fibrous tissue that covers bone
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
12
Growth
› Osteoblasts: bone cell involved in formation
of bone
› Osteoclasts: bone cell involved in the
resorption of bony tissue
› Average growth:
Females: 18 years
Males: 20-21 years
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
13
Bone types:
› Long (humerus,
femur)
› Flat (skull, ribs,
scapula)
› Irregular (vertebrae)
› Short (carpals &
tarsals)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
14
Fractures– 6 types
› Simple or closed
› Compound or open
› Greenstick
› Comminuted
› Stress
› Epiphyseal plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
15
15
Simple (or closed)
fracture
› Broken ends do not
pierce skin
Compound (or
open) fracture
› Complete break
where bone ends
break through the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
16
Greenstick fracture
› Incomplete break in
shaft of bone
› Occurs in children
(pliable)
Epiphyseal fracture
› Break at the growth
plate
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
17
Comminuted
fracture
› Bone is shattered in
many pieces
Stress fracture
› Small, incomplete
break
› Results from overuse,
weakness, or
biomechanical
problems
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
18
List the 6 different types of fractures.
List the 4 types of bones.
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
19
19
Fracture signs and symptoms
› Swelling, deformity, pain, tenderness, and
discoloration
Treatment
› Remodeling: process of reabsorbing & replacing
bone in the skeletal system
› Bones must sometimes be put back in proper
position reduction
› Immobilization through use of a cast external
fixation
› Surgery internal fixation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
20
20
Principal types of
muscles:
› Skeletal
Under voluntary
control
› Smooth
Involuntary
› Cardiac
Only found in the
heart
Involuntary
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
21
21
4 common characteristics:
› Contractibility: Ability to shorten or reduce the
distance between 2 parts
› Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli
› Extensibility: ability to lengthen & increase the
distance between 2 parts
› Elasticity: ability to return to original form after
being compressed or stretched
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
22
22
More than 650 muscles in the body
› Muscles only pull, never push
Muscles attached to bones by tendons
› Bones are connected at joints
Muscles are attached at both ends to bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or other
muscles
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
23
23
Origin: part of a skeletal muscle that is
attached to a fixed structure or bone; moves
the least
Insertion: attached to a movable part; moves
the most
Belly: central body of the muscle
Prime mover (or agonist): movement in a
single direction
› Antagonist: movement in the opposite direction
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
24
24
Example
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
25
Name the 3 different types of muscles in
the body.
When you flex your elbow:
› Which muscle is the prime mover (agonist)?
› Which muscle is the antagonist?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
26
26
When muscles work, they move the body
and produce heat
For muscles to contract and work, they need
energy
› Major source of energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Cell requires oxygen, glucose, and other materials
› When a muscle is stimulated, ATP is broken
down, producing energy
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
27
27
Muscle movement occurs as a result of:
› Myoneural stimulation
› Contraction of muscle proteins
Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by
nerve impulses to contract
› Begins with action potential, which travels along
muscle fiber length
› Basic source of energy is glucose
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
28
28
Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
During vigorous exercise, blood is unable to
transport enough oxygen for complete
oxidation of glucose in the muscles
› Causes muscles to contract anaerobically
(without oxygen)
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
29
29
What is the main source of energy for
muscles to work? (Hint: acronym)
What causes muscle fatigue?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
30
30
Muscles should always be slightly contracted
and ready to pull (muscle tone)
Muscle atrophy:
› Wasting or loss of muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use
Hypertrophy:
› Increase in the mass (size) of a muscle
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
31
31
Strain:
› Caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon
› Acute or chronic
Symptoms: pain, muscle spasm, and muscle
weakness
Treatment: reduce swelling, anti-inflammatory
drugs, surgery, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
32
32
Sprain:
› Caused by sudden twist, or a blow to the body;
ligaments
› 3 grades:
Grade I: mild; overstretching of ligament
Grade II: moderate; partial tearing
Grade III: sever; complete tear
• Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of
ability to move
• Treatment is similar to care for a strain
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
33
33
Tendonitis:
› Inflammation of the tendon
Symptoms: pain and inflammation along a tendon
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
Bursitis
› Inflammation of a bursa
› Bursa: decrease friction between 2 surfaces
Symptoms: joint pain often mistaken for arthritis
Treatment: avoid aggravating movements,
medications, rehabilitation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
34
34
Contusion:
› Direct blow that does not break the skin
Symptoms: swelling, pain to the touch, redness,
and ecchymosis (bruising)
Treatment: monitoring, ice, medications,
compressive dressing
Myositis ossificans: calification that forms within the
muscle when contusion not properly managed
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
35
35
Nerve tissue consists of:
› Neuroglia
Insulate, support, and protect neurons “nerve
glue”
› Neurons
Sensory: carries impulses from sensory to CNS
Motor: carries messages from brain to muscles
Associative: carries impulses from sensory to
motor
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
36
36
Nerves carry impulses by creating electric
charges through membrane excitability
› A synapse is the space between adjacent
neurons through which an impulse is transmitted
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
37
37
Click Here to Play Firing of Neurotransmitters Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
38
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by
pressure, stretching, or cutting
› Injury to a nerve can stop signals to and from the
brain
Causes muscles to become unresponsive and a
loss of feeling in the injured area
› Treatment: surgery
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
39
39
The nervous system sends electrical
impulses at up to 250 miles per hour.
How long would it take for an impulse
from the brain to reach the foot of a
person who is 6 feet tall?
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
40
40
Classified as:
› Open
Abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, and puncture
wounds
› Closed
Contusions, hematomas, ecchymoses, sprains,
strains, tendonitis, bursitis, and stress-related
injuries
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
41
41
Abrasion: several
layers of skin are torn
loose (scrape)
Laceration: tear in the
skin (“cut”)
Avulsion: layers of skin
are torn off completely
or a flap remains
Puncture wound:
sharp object
penetrates the skin
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
42
42
Inflammation:
› Reaction to invasion by an infectious agent or
physical, chemical, or traumatic damage pain,
heat, redness, swelling
Regeneration:
› Act of wound healing
› Damaged tissue replaced by scar tissue (fibrous)
Cellular dedifferentiation:
› Regeneration
› Cells revert to an earlier stage of development
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
43
43
Transdifferentiation
› Regeneration of cells with completely different
functions than original
Tissue remodeling
› Cells and molecules of tissue are modified and
reassembled to yield a new composition of cell
types and extracellular matrix
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
44
44
Click Here to Play Tissue Repair Animation
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
45
The skeleton
› Provides support and protection to internal
organs
› Foundation for muscle attachment
› Efficient factory for producing red blood cells
Many injuries associated with athletics are
fractures
› Other injuries involve muscles, attachments, and
various surrounding tissues
©©2011
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
2010
Delmar,
Cengage
Learning
46
46