Slide 1

TORTORA  FUNKE  CASE

ninth edition

MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction

28
Applied and Industrial
Microbiology
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
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Slide 2

Industrial Microbiology - History
 Lactic acid and ethanol from large-scale food

fermentations
 Armament-related chemicals such as glycerol and
acetone during World Wars I & II
 Antibiotics following World War II
 Renewable feedstocks now

 Traditional & new biotechnology: recombinant DNA
technology
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Slide 3

Fermentation Technology
 Industrial fermentation vs. Physiological fermentation

 Anaerobic → Aerobic
 Microbial, plant, and animal cells

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Slide 4

Bioreactors
 Type: many different designs, most widely used CSTR

 Size: small to large e.g. 500,000 liters
 Operation: batch or continuous

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Slide 5

Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor

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Figure 28.10


Slide 6

Microbial Metabolites
 Primary metabolites: growth associated

 Secondary metabolites

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Slide 7

Primary Fermentation

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Figure 28.11a


Slide 8

Secondary Fermentation

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Figure 28.11b


Slide 9

Strain Improvement
 Traditional methods: UV, X rays, chemical mutagen

 Modern technology

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Slide 10

Immobilization Technology
 Immobilized enzymes vs. traditional chemical process

 Immobilized cells: continuous flow processes
 Materials used fro immobilization

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Slide 11

Immobilized Cells

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Figure 28.12


Slide 12

Industrial Products
 Amino acids

 Citric acid
 Enzymes
 Vitamins
 Antibiotics
 Steroids

 Etc.

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UN 28.1


Slide 13

Amino Acids
 L-glutamate (glutamic acid) → MSG (monosodium

glutamate): flavor enhancer
 Lysine and methionine: cereal food (feed) supplements
 Phenylalanine and aspartic acid (L-aspartate):
ingredients in the sugar-free sweetener aspartame

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Slide 14

Citric Acid
 Original source: oranges and lemons

 Product of mold (Aspergillus niger) metabolism after
World War I
 Use: giving tartness and flavor to foods, antioxidant and
pH adjuster in many foods, emulsifier in dairy products

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Slide 15

Enzymes
 Amylase

 Glucose isomerase
 Proteases
 Rennin
 Etc. Table 28.6
 Use: food industry, laundry detergent, clinical use…

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Slide 16

Vitamins
 Vitamin B12

 Riboflavin
 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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Slide 17

Pharmaceuticals
 Antibiotics: mold or streptomycete

 Vaccines: antiviral (chicken eggs or cell culture),
antibacterial (growth of bacteria), subunit (recombinant
DNA technology) vaccines
 Steroids: cortisone, estrogens, progesterone,
conversion of sterol to steroids

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Slide 18

Biological Leaching of Copper Ores

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Figure 28.14a


Slide 19

Microorganisms as products
 Baker’s yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

 Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Rhizobium and
Bradyrhizobium
 Insect pathogen: Bacillus thuringiensis

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Slide 20

Alternative Energy Sources Using
Microorganisms
Biomass

Bioconversion

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Methane or ethyl alcohol

Figure 28.15


Slide 21

The Future Of Industrial Microbiology
 Foods

 Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals
 Renewable energy and chemical sources (shortage of
fossil fuel)
 Genetic engineering and Metabolic engineering

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