Slide 1

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 2

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 3

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 4

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 5

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 6

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 7

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 8

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 9

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 10

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 11

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 12

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 13

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 14

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 15

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 16

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 17

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 18

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level


Slide 19

Navigation
First of 4 parts

Navigation
► Part

1 Introduction to the ¼ and ½ million
charts, the nautical mile and altimetry.
► Part 2 The compass, magnetism, compass
headings.
► Part 3 Notams, airspace and flight planning.
► Part 4 Practical paper. Pulling it all together.

Navigation
Part 1 Charts
► General description
► Differences ¼-1/2Mil
► The nautical mile
► Vertical navigation

Navigation
If the world is a sphere, how are we going to depict the detail with any
accuracy onto a flat piece of paper?

This problem has dogged cartographers over the centuries. Distortion of
shapes, distances and angles causes serious problems for navigators.

Navigation

Cylindrical projections have a large scale/ or shape distortion.
The further away from the tangent the worse the distortion.

Navigation

A typical “mercator” cylindrical projection

Navigation

Conic projections have greater distortion further from the tangent.
Lamberts conic projection minimises distortion by having “2” tangents.

Navigation
•1:250000 chart
•More detail

•Airspace to 5000ft amsl

•1:500000 chart
•Less detail
•Airspace to FL195
You must carry a chart, or airspace information for any flight
Over 5 nautical miles from the site.

Navigation
A Great Circle is a circle
depicted on the earths
surface which is centred
about the centre of the
earth.

The equator and lines of
longitude are examples of
great circles
A great circle route is the
shortest distance between
two places.

Navigation
I minute of arc =1
nautical mile

60 minutes in
one degree

North pole

Equator

Circumference of the earth 360*60= 21600 nautical miles

Navigation
North pole
10,000
kilometres
Equator

Circumference of the earth 4*10000= 40000 kilometres

Navigation
►A

statute mile is 8 furlongs (furrows
long).
► A furlong is 10 chains (surveyor
chains)
► A chain is 22 yards
► A cricket pitch is one chain

Navigation
►1

nautical mile is 6076 feet
► 1 statute mile is 5280 feet
► 1 kilometre is 3281 feet
SO……
► 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour
► 1 knot is very nearly 100ft per minute
► 1 n.m is approximately 2 km
All very helpful for estimation purposes.

Navigation
Who needs the scale on the chart?

Minutes

Great Circle
(Longitude)

5 nautical miles

Navigation
Words are important
Height
Altitude
Level
They all have a precise meaning in navigation.
Check it out on the chart.

Navigation
► Height

is the vertical distance above a
feature.
► Altitude is the vertical distance above the
sea.
► Level is the vertical distance above the
standard pressure level (1013.25 hPa)

Navigate

Altitude

1013 hPa

Flight Level

Height

Navigation

Navigation
ALTIMETERS

102
8

4950ft
Altitude
amsl

998

1013

4050
ft

4500 ft
Pressure altitude
FL45

Constant level

Height agl

QFE 998
Std pressure 1013

Airfield elevation 900ft
QNH
1028

Mean sea level