From Roman origins to contemporary times from: Bartolomeo Capasso, Napoli Greco-romana, Società napoletana di storia patria, 190
Download ReportTranscript From Roman origins to contemporary times from: Bartolomeo Capasso, Napoli Greco-romana, Società napoletana di storia patria, 190
Slide 1
From Roman origins to contemporary times
Slide 2
Slide 3
from: Bartolomeo Capasso, Napoli Greco-romana, Società napoletana di storia patria, 190
Slide 4
In 470 B.C. the Greek Cumaeans decided to found a city and chose the eastest part of
ancient Partenope, which is nowadays the historical centre. They decided to call it "Neapolis"
(new city) to be distinguished from "Palepolis" (old city). At that time the city was probably
an aristocratic republic governed by two arcons and a council of nobles. From the point of
view of the urban structure, Neapolis was characterized by cards and decumans, according
to Greek tradition. The city was rich in religious and public buildings such as temples, curia,
theatres and hippodrome. It became an important Magna Grecia colony, together with
Taranto and Cuma. In the years to come, the Romans would be inspired by the culture, art
and traditions which enriched Neapolis in that period.
Slide 5
At first the relationship between Rome and Neapolis was based on friendship and commercial
agreements but under the pressure of other colonies, Neapolis was forced not to cooperate with the
Romans any longer. In 326 B.C. the Roman Counsellor defeated the allied Samnites and Nola
people. Peace was not a dishonour since a confederation with Rome was created and Neapolis
could keep its istitutions and differencies. Years later Neapolis was a trusting ally of the more
and more powerful Romans. As a matter of fact Neapolis was, to the Romans, an important
means for Greek culture and civilization. Neapolis and its surroundings became a privileged
summer resort for Roman patricians, who built luxurious villas between Puteoli and Sorrento.
On one hand Scipio the African, Silla, Tiberius, Caligola, Claudius, Nero, Brutus and
Lucullus chose these lands for simple relaxation and pleasure; on the other hand Cicero, Horace,
Pliny the Elder and Virgil found there inspiration to their artistic genius. In other words
Neapolis was a centre of sophisticated culture, a piece of Greece in the Italian peninsula, always
respected and admired by the Romans, who tried not to oppress it or contaminate it.
Slide 6
From: Ferdinando Ferrajoli , Napoli monumentale , Napoli: A. Gallina,1981
Slide 7
The greek “Agorà”, after “Foro”, during roman age
Slide 8
The ancient Agora
or Forum
After the arrival of several Greek colonies, the population
increased and soon arose, over the Acropolis, the “Agorà”
or the “Forum”, wich was the main square, the center of the
gouvernement and public life,of the town, located in
corrispondence of P.zza San Gaetano, as has been pointed
out by excavaions under the church of San Lorenzo
Maggiore. In these place there was the “ Archeion”, a
building equivalent to the roman basilica, where was
exercised the Judiciary and the documents were guarded
and the treasure State.-
Slide 9
The church rises in the place where once was a paleo Christian church, the Neapolitan
bishop Giovanni II (535-555) made it build, it was named as the martyr Lorenzo.
The rudimental church whit a nave and two aisles, is still visible on the floor, it is traced
with brazen bands that indicate the perimeter walls and the position retaining columns.
In the area underneath the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore there are the remains of
some public buildings dated back to the Greek and Roman era, when the center of the
town was in the actual piazza San Gaetano. Apart from the early Christian church of
the 6th century A.D., there are traces of previous building of the 4th century B.C. and
of the food market of the time.
Many other buildings side by side on along street, among which the treasury, show the
complex stratification of the urban soil during the centuries.
Slide 10
Excavations
Archeological area, 8 mt. underground there is a roman paved street, 3 mt. large and
54 mt. long. This street is expanding from north to south. Here there are some very
recognizable ruins, some kind of Roman shops, all part of the Macellum (the Roman
market structure from the I century A.D.) and underneath them is still visible the
ancient Greek part (the perimeter wall and the Agora terrace from the V century
B.C.). The specific use of some of the shops has been identified, while the one of others
hasn’t. There are some reconstruction and remaking marks done after the violent
earthquake in 62 A.D. and the destructive eruption in 79 A.D. At the end of the
“Cardine”(street) there is a Cryptoporticus (the covered market), this is divided in little
communicating rooms, each having some masonry counters for the merchandise’s
exposition. In the last and new part of the archaeological area, there is a monumental
hydraulic work dated back from the late Hellenistic period and a “Schola”, a vast
structure with mosaic flooring, a fountain-bassin (Impluvium) and rests of typical
Pompeian’s frescoes.
Slide 11
The “cripToporTicuS”
Slide 12
Market marble stall used to exhibit the goods for the selling.
Slide 13
The romAn “cArdo”
A narrow street that crossed perpendicularly the “decumani” ( i.e. the main streets)
Slide 14
The group of buildings consisting of the church of Saint
Patrizia and the monastery was built on the remains of the
Temples of Cerere. According to various sources, the church
may have been built by Saint Elena, according to others by
the Bishop Nostriano, (X Century). After the "Concilio di
Trento”(1545-1563), and the new rulings regarding
cloistered orders, the old chapel was completely rebuilt. We
can find evidence of these cloistered orders in the iron bars
of the building's façade, in the grilles that imprison the
choir, and in the splendid lighting of the "Polito" through
which the Sisters used to communicate. The inside is aisles
but has side chapels. It is worth noting the splendid box
ceiling and two gold organs. Beyond the vestibule there is
the wonderful cloister of Della Monica, which has arches
and pillars supporting terraces and belvederes, and a
baroque fountain which provides the base for two marble
statues of the Christ and the Samaritan. In the centre there
is the Byzantine Chapel of the Madonna dell'Idria.
Slide 15
Slide 16
The name "Nile“ curiously, no doubt
occurs in Neapolitan toponymy. There is a
small Nile Square where you find the
Church of Sant’Angelo a Nilo, as well as a
statue of a Nile river god. The church is
the only one in Naples with a name that
gives such obvious testimony to the bonds
that the Greek founders of the original city
had with their own cultural forerunners,
the Egyptians; the word ‘Nilo’ does, in fact,
mean Nile. Here was the ‘Alexandrian
(Egyptian) Quarter’ of the original Greek
city.
Slide 17
lA FonTAnA delle “zizze”
( The Tits Fountain)
It is all too clear why it is commonly referred to as Fontana delle
Mammelle (mammelle being the Italian for breasts): on the top of the
fountain is the sculpture of a Mermaid (symbol of Naples), who is trying
to extinguish the fire of Mount Vesuvius with water that is spurting from
her breasts.Historical documents state that a public fountain already stood
in this place as far back as the 12th century, but it was not until the 16th
century that Don Pedro de Toledo commissioned its transformation by
Giovanni da Nola.The work consists of a rectangular white marble basin
and stands against the wall of the church of Santa Caterina di
Spinacorona (from which it gets its name).
Slide 18
The activity between 79 AD and 1631
The most famous and destructive eruption of Mt. Vesuvius
occurred in AD 79. Greek and roman scholars (Strabo,
Diodorus Siculus, Vitruvius, Vergil) already knew the
volcanic nature of the mountain before this eruption. It
destroyed many towns around Vesuvius. A detailed
description was made by Pliny the Younger who observed the
eruption from Cape Misenum at a distance of about 20 km
from the volcano. During the eruption the uncle of Pliny the
Younger (Pliny the Elder), admiral of the roman fleet based
in Misenum, went to the rescue of the people endangered by
the eruption and lost his life. We have no information on the
state of Vesuvius immediately after the eruption of 79. The
first account of continuing activity is from Galenus (c.172
Vesuvius shape before the eruption
AD) who testifies that "the matter in it (Vesuvius) is still
burning".
Slide 19
HERCULANEUM EXCAVATIONS
At the moment of the eruption of the Vesuvius in 79 b.C , Herculaneum was
swept away by mud and Volcanic detritus , which , once solidified , made a
kind of hard tufa bank of about 8-10 metres which preserved the tops of the
buildings and also all the organic materials , so this site offers a unique vision
of the domestic life of the time.
The Excavations of Herculaneum
According to the legend, Herculaneum was founded by Hercules, even though the history tells about various dominations (Osci,
Etruscan and Samnite). In the III century the city became part of the Nocerina Confederation, and took part into the so-called
"social war" of Italic populations against the Roman Empire. Herculaneum was conquered by Titus Didius (Silla's legate) in 89
BC, when it lost its autonomy and became a Roman "municipium", governed by two duumviris (consuls).
The extraordinary beauty and fertility attracted many Roman patricians, that built their sumptuous villas and residences, like the
suburban Villa of Papiri, dating back to the Republican Age. During the Augustan Age, were built or deeply restored many
public buildings, like the walls and the aqueduct, the central thermal baths, the theatre, the basilica and even the gym.
On the 24th of August 79AC, the restoration works after the terrible earthquake of 62AC were still in progress, when the tragic
eruption of Mont Vesuvius swept away everything. The city was covered by burning clouds, hot ash and pumice-stone dust that
caused thermal shocks, killing the citizens of Herculaneum, and buring the houses under a thick cover of ash, 30 metres high.
In 1709, during the excavation of a well, at some point the workers bumped into the wall belonging to the ancient theatre. From
that point started the first explorations (as well as the first sackings) making underground passages. Only in 1738 Charles of
Bourbon set the works going properly, under the supervision of Rocco Gioacchino d’Alcubierre, then Carlo Weber and, later on,
Francesco La Vega.
First were found the ancient theatre and basilica and, in 1752, the suburban Villa of Papiri, so called for the conspicuous library
of Greek books, nowadays preserved into the homonym "Officina della Biblioteca Nazionale of Naples". The villa probably
belonged to Lucio Calpurnio Pisone Cesonino, Emperor Caesar's father in law.
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26
From Roman origins to contemporary times
Slide 2
Slide 3
from: Bartolomeo Capasso, Napoli Greco-romana, Società napoletana di storia patria, 190
Slide 4
In 470 B.C. the Greek Cumaeans decided to found a city and chose the eastest part of
ancient Partenope, which is nowadays the historical centre. They decided to call it "Neapolis"
(new city) to be distinguished from "Palepolis" (old city). At that time the city was probably
an aristocratic republic governed by two arcons and a council of nobles. From the point of
view of the urban structure, Neapolis was characterized by cards and decumans, according
to Greek tradition. The city was rich in religious and public buildings such as temples, curia,
theatres and hippodrome. It became an important Magna Grecia colony, together with
Taranto and Cuma. In the years to come, the Romans would be inspired by the culture, art
and traditions which enriched Neapolis in that period.
Slide 5
At first the relationship between Rome and Neapolis was based on friendship and commercial
agreements but under the pressure of other colonies, Neapolis was forced not to cooperate with the
Romans any longer. In 326 B.C. the Roman Counsellor defeated the allied Samnites and Nola
people. Peace was not a dishonour since a confederation with Rome was created and Neapolis
could keep its istitutions and differencies. Years later Neapolis was a trusting ally of the more
and more powerful Romans. As a matter of fact Neapolis was, to the Romans, an important
means for Greek culture and civilization. Neapolis and its surroundings became a privileged
summer resort for Roman patricians, who built luxurious villas between Puteoli and Sorrento.
On one hand Scipio the African, Silla, Tiberius, Caligola, Claudius, Nero, Brutus and
Lucullus chose these lands for simple relaxation and pleasure; on the other hand Cicero, Horace,
Pliny the Elder and Virgil found there inspiration to their artistic genius. In other words
Neapolis was a centre of sophisticated culture, a piece of Greece in the Italian peninsula, always
respected and admired by the Romans, who tried not to oppress it or contaminate it.
Slide 6
From: Ferdinando Ferrajoli , Napoli monumentale , Napoli: A. Gallina,1981
Slide 7
The greek “Agorà”, after “Foro”, during roman age
Slide 8
The ancient Agora
or Forum
After the arrival of several Greek colonies, the population
increased and soon arose, over the Acropolis, the “Agorà”
or the “Forum”, wich was the main square, the center of the
gouvernement and public life,of the town, located in
corrispondence of P.zza San Gaetano, as has been pointed
out by excavaions under the church of San Lorenzo
Maggiore. In these place there was the “ Archeion”, a
building equivalent to the roman basilica, where was
exercised the Judiciary and the documents were guarded
and the treasure State.-
Slide 9
The church rises in the place where once was a paleo Christian church, the Neapolitan
bishop Giovanni II (535-555) made it build, it was named as the martyr Lorenzo.
The rudimental church whit a nave and two aisles, is still visible on the floor, it is traced
with brazen bands that indicate the perimeter walls and the position retaining columns.
In the area underneath the Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore there are the remains of
some public buildings dated back to the Greek and Roman era, when the center of the
town was in the actual piazza San Gaetano. Apart from the early Christian church of
the 6th century A.D., there are traces of previous building of the 4th century B.C. and
of the food market of the time.
Many other buildings side by side on along street, among which the treasury, show the
complex stratification of the urban soil during the centuries.
Slide 10
Excavations
Archeological area, 8 mt. underground there is a roman paved street, 3 mt. large and
54 mt. long. This street is expanding from north to south. Here there are some very
recognizable ruins, some kind of Roman shops, all part of the Macellum (the Roman
market structure from the I century A.D.) and underneath them is still visible the
ancient Greek part (the perimeter wall and the Agora terrace from the V century
B.C.). The specific use of some of the shops has been identified, while the one of others
hasn’t. There are some reconstruction and remaking marks done after the violent
earthquake in 62 A.D. and the destructive eruption in 79 A.D. At the end of the
“Cardine”(street) there is a Cryptoporticus (the covered market), this is divided in little
communicating rooms, each having some masonry counters for the merchandise’s
exposition. In the last and new part of the archaeological area, there is a monumental
hydraulic work dated back from the late Hellenistic period and a “Schola”, a vast
structure with mosaic flooring, a fountain-bassin (Impluvium) and rests of typical
Pompeian’s frescoes.
Slide 11
The “cripToporTicuS”
Slide 12
Market marble stall used to exhibit the goods for the selling.
Slide 13
The romAn “cArdo”
A narrow street that crossed perpendicularly the “decumani” ( i.e. the main streets)
Slide 14
The group of buildings consisting of the church of Saint
Patrizia and the monastery was built on the remains of the
Temples of Cerere. According to various sources, the church
may have been built by Saint Elena, according to others by
the Bishop Nostriano, (X Century). After the "Concilio di
Trento”(1545-1563), and the new rulings regarding
cloistered orders, the old chapel was completely rebuilt. We
can find evidence of these cloistered orders in the iron bars
of the building's façade, in the grilles that imprison the
choir, and in the splendid lighting of the "Polito" through
which the Sisters used to communicate. The inside is aisles
but has side chapels. It is worth noting the splendid box
ceiling and two gold organs. Beyond the vestibule there is
the wonderful cloister of Della Monica, which has arches
and pillars supporting terraces and belvederes, and a
baroque fountain which provides the base for two marble
statues of the Christ and the Samaritan. In the centre there
is the Byzantine Chapel of the Madonna dell'Idria.
Slide 15
Slide 16
The name "Nile“ curiously, no doubt
occurs in Neapolitan toponymy. There is a
small Nile Square where you find the
Church of Sant’Angelo a Nilo, as well as a
statue of a Nile river god. The church is
the only one in Naples with a name that
gives such obvious testimony to the bonds
that the Greek founders of the original city
had with their own cultural forerunners,
the Egyptians; the word ‘Nilo’ does, in fact,
mean Nile. Here was the ‘Alexandrian
(Egyptian) Quarter’ of the original Greek
city.
Slide 17
lA FonTAnA delle “zizze”
( The Tits Fountain)
It is all too clear why it is commonly referred to as Fontana delle
Mammelle (mammelle being the Italian for breasts): on the top of the
fountain is the sculpture of a Mermaid (symbol of Naples), who is trying
to extinguish the fire of Mount Vesuvius with water that is spurting from
her breasts.Historical documents state that a public fountain already stood
in this place as far back as the 12th century, but it was not until the 16th
century that Don Pedro de Toledo commissioned its transformation by
Giovanni da Nola.The work consists of a rectangular white marble basin
and stands against the wall of the church of Santa Caterina di
Spinacorona (from which it gets its name).
Slide 18
The activity between 79 AD and 1631
The most famous and destructive eruption of Mt. Vesuvius
occurred in AD 79. Greek and roman scholars (Strabo,
Diodorus Siculus, Vitruvius, Vergil) already knew the
volcanic nature of the mountain before this eruption. It
destroyed many towns around Vesuvius. A detailed
description was made by Pliny the Younger who observed the
eruption from Cape Misenum at a distance of about 20 km
from the volcano. During the eruption the uncle of Pliny the
Younger (Pliny the Elder), admiral of the roman fleet based
in Misenum, went to the rescue of the people endangered by
the eruption and lost his life. We have no information on the
state of Vesuvius immediately after the eruption of 79. The
first account of continuing activity is from Galenus (c.172
Vesuvius shape before the eruption
AD) who testifies that "the matter in it (Vesuvius) is still
burning".
Slide 19
HERCULANEUM EXCAVATIONS
At the moment of the eruption of the Vesuvius in 79 b.C , Herculaneum was
swept away by mud and Volcanic detritus , which , once solidified , made a
kind of hard tufa bank of about 8-10 metres which preserved the tops of the
buildings and also all the organic materials , so this site offers a unique vision
of the domestic life of the time.
The Excavations of Herculaneum
According to the legend, Herculaneum was founded by Hercules, even though the history tells about various dominations (Osci,
Etruscan and Samnite). In the III century the city became part of the Nocerina Confederation, and took part into the so-called
"social war" of Italic populations against the Roman Empire. Herculaneum was conquered by Titus Didius (Silla's legate) in 89
BC, when it lost its autonomy and became a Roman "municipium", governed by two duumviris (consuls).
The extraordinary beauty and fertility attracted many Roman patricians, that built their sumptuous villas and residences, like the
suburban Villa of Papiri, dating back to the Republican Age. During the Augustan Age, were built or deeply restored many
public buildings, like the walls and the aqueduct, the central thermal baths, the theatre, the basilica and even the gym.
On the 24th of August 79AC, the restoration works after the terrible earthquake of 62AC were still in progress, when the tragic
eruption of Mont Vesuvius swept away everything. The city was covered by burning clouds, hot ash and pumice-stone dust that
caused thermal shocks, killing the citizens of Herculaneum, and buring the houses under a thick cover of ash, 30 metres high.
In 1709, during the excavation of a well, at some point the workers bumped into the wall belonging to the ancient theatre. From
that point started the first explorations (as well as the first sackings) making underground passages. Only in 1738 Charles of
Bourbon set the works going properly, under the supervision of Rocco Gioacchino d’Alcubierre, then Carlo Weber and, later on,
Francesco La Vega.
First were found the ancient theatre and basilica and, in 1752, the suburban Villa of Papiri, so called for the conspicuous library
of Greek books, nowadays preserved into the homonym "Officina della Biblioteca Nazionale of Naples". The villa probably
belonged to Lucio Calpurnio Pisone Cesonino, Emperor Caesar's father in law.
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
Slide 23
Slide 24
Slide 25
Slide 26