Slide 1

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 2

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 3

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 4

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 5

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 6

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 7

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 8

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 9

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 10

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 11

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 12

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 13

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 14

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 15

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 16

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 17

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 18

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 19

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 20

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 21

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 22

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 23

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 24

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 25

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 26

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 27

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 28

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 29

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 30

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 31

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 32

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 33

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 34

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 35

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 36

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 37

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 38

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 39

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 40

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 41

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 42

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 43

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 44

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 45

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 46

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 47

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 48

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 49

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 50

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 51

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 52

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 53

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 54

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 55

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 56

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 57

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 58

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 59

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 60

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 61

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 62

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 63

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 64

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 65

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 66

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 67

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 68

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home


Slide 69

Panel
Pervasive Communications:
All the Time, Everywhere

Panel Pervasive Communications: All the Time, Everywhere

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking

Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless

Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home

State and Future of Networking
Rene L. Cruz

Professor
UC San Diego
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Important Factors
• reliance on information networks is increasing
• performance requirements of access networks are
increasing: access is bottleneck (cost)

• low cost, energy efficient wireless link technology
(short,medium, and long range)
• expansion of un-licensed frequency spectrum
• “willingness to pay” is very limited

Opportunities and Challenges in Networking
• Access Networks: Cost

• Reliability and Performance are Important
- Robustness to failures and security breaches
• Automated Network Control
- Carriers
- Ad-hoc networks
• Cooperation in a Competitive Environment
- bit pipe provider versus “service” provider
- peer to peer networking

The Future of
Networking
Joseph A. Bannister
Division Director
ISI Computer Networks Division
Assistant Director
ChevronTexaco CiSoft
Research Associate Professor
EE-Systems
Joseph Bannister
University of Southern California
Information Sciences Institute
23 May 2005

Four of Networking’s Main Challenges
Quality of Service
Multicast
Operations
Mobility

Quality of Service
Unfulfilled promise of packet switched data
networking
Nearly 30 years of research and
development

• Reservations, queueing, congestion
•

management
ATM, BISDN, RSVP, IntServ, DiffServ, GMPLS

Issues: QoS in an expanding infrastructure,
extreme link heterogeneity, flexibly
designed applications

Multicast
Essential for true broadcast
Lots of Internet work

•

IETF, PIM, IGMP

Currently superseded by peer-to-peer streaming
or downloaded content
Do customers prefer broadcast or on-demand
content?
Other uses of multicast: management,
coordination, time distribution

•

Anycast in DNS

Operations

Network complexity
is growing rapidly
1980–2002 Internet annual growth rate was 100%

Number of sys
admins is growing moderately
1980–2002 sci & eng workforce annual growth rate was 5%

Time

Population

Complexity

Includes security, dependability, network
management
Harvest the advances of AI
Critical need as networks grow – sys admin gap

Mobility
Ubiquitous connectivity
Wireless or wired networks
Mobile IP not really a success story
Cellular mobility is a success story

• Voice
• Data
• Video – next hurdle

IV. Pervasive Communications: All
the Time, Everywhere “Optical
Networking”
California: Prosperity
Through Technology 2005
Industry Research
Symposium May 23 & 24,
2005

Daniel J. Blumenthal
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA
[email protected]

Power and Size Matters

Mean
performance
[flops]
Performance
Mean

1015
Optiputer

NEC earth simulator
IBM ASCI white

1013

Intel Paragorn

11

10

Cray 2
Cray X-MP
Cray 1

9

10

Intel Dual
AMD
PIII
XP

107
Intel 80486

CDC6600

105
IBM 704

Intel
P4

Motorola
PowerPC 604

Intel 80286

3

10

Intel 8080
Eniac

1

10
1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Introduction year

2000

2010

Fiber/Microprocessor Bandwidth Bottlenecks

5

10

4

10

IP Traffic will Continue to Drive
Capacity Growth

Per Fiber Capacity Continues to
Increase
WDM
TDM

3

10

2

10
8x
2

10

1

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Microprocessors will Dissipate Increasing
Power with Today’s Technology

2003

“Greenfield Optical Switched Transport Networks:
A Cost Analysis,” C.R. Lima, M.Allen and B.Faer,
NFOEC, 2001.

Aggregate Link Capacity (Gbps)

Fiber Capacity Increase Outstrips
Electronic Switching Capacity Increase

Today’s Infrastructure: The Electronics/Optics
Boundary
•

Current infrastructure depends heavily on electronics and optics, where the former has strength in
processing and the later in transmission

Access
Switch/Router

TDM Muxes/DeMuxes

EO/OE

WDM
Mux/Demux

WDM Fiber

Router

Router

Router
Router

Electrical

Optical

Recent Progress in Optical Networking
Has increased the functionality and role of optics in the routing and switching at the wavelength
circuit level
WDM/Fiber Grooming

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

Transmission

Optical
Switch

WDM/Fiber Grooming

Transmission

WDM
Mux/
Demux

WDM
Mux/
Demux

ROADM
WDM Fiber

Optical
OE

Tunable EO

OE

Tunable EO

Electrical
TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Switch/
Router

TDM Multiplexing

TDM Multiplexing

•

DARPA Supported Optical Network Related
Programs at UCSB
CSWDM: 4 Year, 3.5M
Integrated Optical Wavelength Converters and Routers for Robust WavelengthAgile Analog/ Digital Optical Networks
M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. -F Chou, E. Skogen, J. S. Barton M. Sysak, D. J.
Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, N. Dagli, E. Hu

DoD-N: 4 Year 15.8M
LASOR: A Label Switched Optical Router
UCSB: M. Masanovic, V. Lal, J. Summers, H. Poulsen, D. Wolfson, Z. Hu, E. Burmeister, S.
Bjorlin, H. Park, J. Chen, A. Tauke-Pedretti, M. Dummer, J. Barton, L. Johansson, M. Davanco,
B. Koch, R. Rajaduray, R. Doshi, W. Zhao, D. J. Blumenthal, J. E. Bowers, L. A. Coldren, E. Hu
Agility Communications: C. Coldren, G. Fish
Calient Networks: O. Jerphagnon, R. Helkey, S. Yuan
Cisco Systems: G. Epps, D. Civello, P. Donner
JDS Uniphase: D. Al-Salameh
Stanford University: Y. Ganjali, N. McKeown, T. Roughgarden, A. Goel

LASOR Research Vision
Integrated Photonic
Packet Forwarding
Routing Protocols for
Engines
Networks with Small
Integrated Optical
Optical Buffers
Random Access
Memory

ISP 100Tbps Router

Optical Data
Router (ODR)

WDM
1, 2 É M

Fiber 1

R-OB
OS

2Tbps linecard - 1

Fast Tunable
Regenerative AllOptical Wavelength
Converters

Integrated
Photonic Optical
Header ReadErase
40G Optically
Labeled Packets

Reconfigurable
Optical Backplane

1.28/2.56 Tbps Linecard

32/64 40G
Inputs

2Tbps linecard - 50

32/64 40G
Outputs

Fiber N

Local line or packet Add/Drop to
Electrical Routers or  services

Optical Router Node (ORN)

Dense Photonic
Integration

Integration
The integration of optics and electronics at the level of LSI electronics is
essential for the long term growth, strategic planning and cost reduction path
required for the future of optical networks.
Microelectronics  Computing
Discrete  1950s
IC 1960s
LSI 1970s
VLSI 1980s
ULSI 1990s-2000s
GSI ???

RF + Electronics Mobile
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Hybrid  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  1990s
Silicon  2000s

Optics + Electronics  High
Speed Networks
Discrete  1970s-1980s
Analog PIC  1980s-1990s
Hybrid IC  2000s
LSI  ???

InP Monolithic Photonic Integration
Tunable Laser Mach-Zehnder
Modulator Transmitter

out

Hybrid 10 Gbps OQW
Mach-Zehnder Modulator WC

out

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in

UCSB (CSWDM)

10 Gbps Tunable AllOptical Wavelength
Converter + Optical Filter

UCSB (CSWDM)

in
Masanovic, Barton, Sysak, Lal, Summers, Dummer, Raring,
Skogen, Blumenthal, Bowers, Coldren

in

40Gbps Folded Tunable AllOptical Wavelength Converter

out
in
out
in

UCSB (DoDN)

out
in

Impact of Optics on Network Architectures
Access
Enterprise/LAN
•Regeneration
•Transmission

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

•Add/Drop
Multiplexing

Metro

•Regeneration

Core
•Transmission
•Switching and Routing
•Regeneration
•Wavelength Conversion

•Grooming

Switching and Routing

•Wavelength
Conversion

•Wavelength
Conversion

Speech, Audio, Image, and Video Coding
Pamela Cosman

Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, UCSD
Co-Director, Center for Wireless Communications, UCSD

Progress of Speech & Audio Coding
Research Focuses:







Graph from:

Extending current
systems to handle
wideband speech at
about 8kbps rate
Music, general audio
Robustness to delay,
packet loss
Very low rate coding
(100’s of bps)
Fusion of speech
compression and
speech recognition

Images: JPEG vs. JPEG2000




25-35% reduction in file
size compared to JPEG
Lossless JPEG2000 has
big improvement
Application areas:





Medical images (incl. 3D)
Scientific images / space
Archiving (digital libraries)
High-quality digital video
editing, digital cinema
(Motion-JPEG2000 can
outperform MPEG-4)



Slow uptake because









Legacy JPEG material
Does 25-35% improvement
warrant widespread
replacement?
At high rates, JPEG &
JPEG2000 have similar
performance → digital
cameras can do without
Abundance of bandwidth:
2Mbps download, 130k or
100k image doesn’t matter
“Submarine” patents

Progress of Video Compression
PSNR
(dB)

Bit Rate

Coder

MPEG-4 H.263
ASP
HLP

MPEG-2

H.264
AVC

39%

49%

64%

MPEG-4
ASP

-

17%

43%

H.263
HLP

-

-

31%

Bit rate savings over MPEG2

New Technologies & Applications
for both images and video…


New Technologies


Object-based coding: fusion of
compression & computer vision



Applications










Network Coding
Joint audio/video coding:
exploit correlation
More realistic motion models
Scalable video & image: adapt
to different formats & channels



Searching & Indexing,
Content-based retrieval,
Games, Augmented Reality
Compression for sensor and
surveillance networks
(infrastructure monitoring,
traffic conditions, security…)
Seamless mobility over
heterogeneous networks
Disaster response

MPEG4 vs. Scalable Video Coding


Features: spatial scalability, temporal scalability,
SNR scalability, complexity scalability, …
• Single-encoding / multi-decoding

• Very fast pre-decoder
• Only one bit-stream in server
Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Encoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Bit-stream

Pre-decoder

Bit-stream

Bit-stream
Low quality

Small size

High quality

Multi Antenna (MIMO) Processing
and the Second Wireless Revolution
Babak Daneshrad
[email protected]

University of California, Los Angeles

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

The Trend
• Progress in wireless communications requires support for
progressively higher data rates under progressively higher
levels of mobility.
• To achieve this, systems must exploit space, the last
frontier in the signaling space !
• Three forms of spatial (antenna) processing
– Phased array beamforming
• Used in cellular base stations

– Diversity processing
• Used in WLAN access points

– MIMO
• Emerging WLAN 802.11n standard
• Emerging 802.16e standard
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) Wireless Comms.
r1(t) = a11x(t)+a12y(t)+a13z(t)
x(n)

MODULATOR

x(t)
x(n)

y(n)

MODULATOR

y(t)

z(n)

•

MODULATOR

z(t)

MIMO
MIMO
Receiver
Receiver

•

Different data sent on different transmit antennas
The signal from each transmitter is received at ALL receive antennas
(this is not interference)
Channel impulse response is a matrix
– NxM matrix; where N is the number of TX and M is the number of RX
antennas; N>M
Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

z(n)

r3(t) = a31x(t)+a32y(t)+a33z(t)

• All transmissions occur at the same time and in the same frequency band

•

y(n)

Theoretical MIMO Capacity
95% Outage Capacity
50
MIMO System
No. TX Ant =
No. RX Ant

45

95 % Capacity at
20 dB SNR

Required SNR to
achieve capacity
of 1 bit/sec/Hz

1x1

2.6 bits/sec/Hz

12.8 dB

2x2

8.0 bits/sec/Hz

1.2 dB

4x4

19.0 bits/sec/Hz

-4.9 dB

8x8

40.8 bits/sec/Hz

-9.3 dB

40

Capacity ( bps/Hz)

MIMO
Config.

35

Traditionnal 1x1
SISO system
30
does not improve with
more antennas
25
20

Smart antenna array
(number of transmit
antenna fixed at 1)

15
10
5
0

1

2

3

4
5
6
7
8
Number of receive antennas

9

 10x to 20x capacity increase with same total TX power

 23 dB (200x) reduction in the required power when bandwidth efficiency is
kept constant

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

10

2x2 MIMO vs. 802.11a & 802.11b

Effective User throughput (Mbps)
Distance between
TX and RX (feet)

2x2 MIMO with
10mW TX power

802.11a with 45 mW TX
power (source Atheros)

802.11b (source
Atheros)

10’

85 Mbps

54 Mbps

11 Mbps

50’

49 Mbps

37 Mbps

11 Mbps

100’

49 Mbps

18 Mbps

11 Mbps

150’

42 Mbps

12 Mbps

6 Mbps

200’

30 Mbps

6 Mbps

2 Mbps

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

MIMO Economics
• Spectrum is expensive in licensed bands
• Spectrum is scarce in unlicensed bands
• MIMO techniques increase data throughput without
increasing bandwidth
• Signal is expanded in space

– Systems can operate at lower carrier frequencies
• No need for exotic & expensive semiconductor technologies
• Better signal penetration through walls and around corners

– Expense: more sophisticated signal processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

Multi Antenna Processing’s Here to Stay
• By 2010 nearly all wireless standards will have elements of
MIMO in them
• 802.11n (next generation WLAN) will standardize on MIMO
– MIMO enables: video distribution, Gbps enterprise networking
– Ratification expected in 1H 2006

• 802.16e (mobile flavor of WiMax) has optional MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: building penetration, range extension
– Ratification expected in 2006

• 4G cellular systems looking to incorporate MIMO modes
– MIMO enables: broadband in limited cellular bands
– Ratification ?

• Other wireless systems will deploy some form of multi antenna
processing

Wireless Integrated Systems Lab.

35

Wireless Research for the Future
Urbashi Mitra
Professor
Co-Director, Communication Sciences Institute
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Southern California
[email protected]
http://ceng.usc.edu/~ubli/ubli.html

California: Prosperity through Technology
2005 Industry Research Symposium

36

The Need for SYNERGY
open systems interconnect (OSI) stack
cross-layer designs
(again!)

modified from InetDaemon.com

wireless sensor networks

“The network IS the channel” –
A. Sabharwal, Rice University

37

A New (?) SYNERGY
joint design of hardware
and algorithms

Hardware

Hardware

Fano decoder in VLSI
P. Beerel & K.Chugg USC

low complexity
UWB receivers
Quantized UWB receiver
S. Franz & U. Mitra, USC

38

Experimental Wireless?
• Other disciplines
– Physics (experimental and theoretical)

• Usual province of industry
– Where do trained faculty come from?

• Academic training needed
– RF circuits and wireless communication theory
– Challenge of providing in a two year MS

• How can industry/academia collaborate on training
new wireless engineers?

39

Academic-Industry Relationships
• The heyday of Bell Labs
– Claude Shannon

• Where are the “new” Bell Labs?
– Who has the largest market share?

• Applied Research
– Defense model 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 etc.

• How can industry invest?
–
–
–
–

Gifts
Support “centers”
One-by-one agreements
Is there a NEW model?

}

intellectual property

40

Role of Government Agencies
• Funding waning for wireless/communications
– “monotonically decreasing” at NSF

• Move towards a few large-sized programs
– Vanishing single investigator grants

• Impact on industry?

41

What is the Channel?

Signal Power (dB)

sensor networks
0

-20

Multipath Effects
UHF TV

-40

coding for
fading/MIMO channels

Cellular

-60
-80
Ambient RF

-100

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200 1400

ultrawideband
underwater
communications

42

Biological Communications?
• Understand how nature communicates
– Inform our communication system design

• “Grow” communication receivers
– Use biological building blocks to construct
“classical” receivers

43

Problems

designing cell-to-cell
communication
R. Weiss et al, Princeton University

capacity of neural
communication
M. Gastpar, Berkeley
B. Rimoldi, EPFL

error-correction for DNA crystals
Erik Winfree, CalTech

Wireless Challenges: A Billion User
Experimental Test Bed
Jeyhan Karaoguz
Broadcom Corporation

The Current Semiconductor
Revolution:
Communications In Everything

The Next Communications Challenge:
Convergence of Multimedia Content
over Home and Mobile Networks

Mobile World

Home World

Content Provider
Broadband Service Provider
Cellular Service Provider

The Path To Convergence in the
Broadband World is Pretty Scary
Media
Servers
Satellite
DVB-H
Media Service
Provider
WiFi
Hotspot

WiMAX
WiFi
Hotspot

Broadband Network
Cable
DSL

Audio/Media
Sharing
HOME

3GPP
GSM/GPRS
Network

Voice
SMS
MMS
3GPP
CDMA
Network

802.22
Wireless over
Unused TV Channels

Multimedia/Video
Smart Phone

Telecom
Carrier CO

Future Levels of Integration
in Mobile Devices
Mobile Communications
“Super Chip” of the Future
CD-Quality MP3
Encode/Decode
WWAN
BB/MAC

>500 MHz 32-bit
Processor w/FPU
Multi-threaded

WLAN
BB/MAC
WPAN
BB/MAC

3D Graphics
W/Dual ¼ Mpixel
LCD Displays

FLASH Interface

Advanced Power
Management

DRAM Interface

Dual Camera Interface

Full-Frame MPEG4
Encode/Decode

Integrated RF

• Complexity
– 1000 DMIPS CPU
– 10M polygon/sec 3D graphics
– 100M pixel/sec MPEG4 codec
– 10 Mbps 3G WWAN
– 100Mbps 802.11 WLAN
– 1000Mbps UWB WPAN
– Digital Video Broadcasting

Power Dissipation is the Limiting Factor

Research Challenges
• Multi-Modal RF
• Coexistence
• MIMO
• Signal processing for improved range/quality/capacity/features
• Voice and Audio Quality
• Inter-Networking
• Security
– Watermarking
– DRM
– Biometrics

• User Experience
• Power Management

Qualcomm May 2005

My Vision for Cellular

Avneesh Agrawal
Qualcomm

50

Qualcomm May 2005

Challenge/Opportunity

• The key challenge/opportunity for cellular is the widespread
adoption of mobile data services.
• The case for data over cellular
– Ubiquity (‘Anytime/Anywhere’)
– Location specific content
– Higher penetration than wireline internet
• Only internet experience for many people

• Challenges
– Limited UI
– Cost

51

Qualcomm May 2005

Cell-phone: The one device that everyone carries

Walkie-Talkie

Voice

PDA

Photo Album

Television

Camcorder

Glucometer

Camera

Wallet

FM Radio

Bar Scanner
Game Console

PC

MP3 Player

Newspaper

GPS Device

Rolodex

Pager
52

Qualcomm May 2005

Some perspective
• Worldwide cellular subscribers ~1.5B
• Projected > 2B in 2009
• Over
• Over
• Over
• Over

125 3G operators
200M 3G subscribers
610 3G mobile devices
55 mobile device vendors

• Projected ~ 1B 3G users in 2009
(~50% of total cellular market)

We have just begun to tap into the
wireless data market.
3G = CDMA2000 (1x, EV-DO) and WCDMA (Rel99, HSDPA, HSUPA)

53

Qualcomm May 2005

Multicast – a more efficient mechanism for distributing
content
•

For multicast services, cost/bit is
largely determined by users at celledge
–

•

Cell radius cannot be very large
(typical < 1-2 km)
–

•

No cell edge. Spectral efficiency ~1-2
bps/Hz

No uplink => can use few high
powered large towers.
–

•

Limited by Uplink link budget

For multicast data, same information
can be transmitted simultaneously.
–

•

Spectral efficiency at edge of cellular
systems could be as low as .1 bps/Hz.

Radius ~30-40 km

Hence cost/bit for multicast data can
be significantly reduced by using
specialized multicast networks.

MediaFlo
• News / Live TV /Sports

• Traffic report / Weather
• Stock Ticker
• A surprising large amount
of content can be delivered
efficiently using multicast
54

Qualcomm May 2005

What is 4G ?
• Don’t know !
• My conjecture:
– 4G should cause significant reduction in cost/bit (>5x) over 3G?
• The wireless industry will spend > $100B going from 2G to 3G
• Any transition away from 3G will be expensive and should be well worth the
pain.
• Need to separate hype from reality.

• ‘Next Generation Services’ will involve hybrid networks
– WAN/LAN/Multicast
– Use the most cost effective mechanism for delivering data.

55

Qualcomm May 2005

Active Areas of Research
• CDMA Multi-user Detection
– Advances in Silicon technology now allow us to implement interference
cancellation and get closer to the theoretical limits.
– Compare with orthogonal multiple access techniques such as OFDMA.

• MIMO for Wide Area Networks
– How do we extract MIMO gains in a WAN that is characterized by
correlated scattering and fairly poor C/I conditions?

• Smart Antenna’s
• Device innovation
– Text input, low power displays, low power circuit design, battery
technology, multiband radios, etc.

• Services
– Mobile search, m-commerce, multi-player games, etc. .
56

The Digital Home
Everything On Demand Network
UCI Research Symposium
May 2005
Al Servati
Director Marketing, Broadband Media Products

Broadband Digital Home
Internet
Ethernet

Dial-Up

PC

Video
Game System

Media Gateway

Satellite

HPNA

Cable

Data Gateway

Internet Radio

Telephony / VPN

Powerline

DSL

Analog/Digital Phones

Game Worlds

TV/Video Displays

Music
Updated 1/20/05

Wireless

Broadband
Wireless

E-mail Terminals
Conexant Confidential

Page 58

Broadband Digital Home Technologies
Broadband Access

Local Distribution

xDSL CO

802.11 a/b/g BB/MAC

ADSL

802.11 RF

Media Applications
Analog Modem
Video Codec

PC

MPEG-2 Codec
ADSL2/2+

Ethernet

VDSL

Bluetooth

Telephony Application

Cable Modem

Powerline

Digital Tuner

Voice Codec

Demodulator
Network Processor

Wireless (2.5/3G)

SD MPEG-2 Codec
DVD Navigator

802.16

Advanced Video Codecs

Updated 1/20/05

Current Conexant Portfolio

Capability

Audio Codec

Current GlobespanVirata Portfolio

Gap

LCD Control

Conexant Confidential

VOP

DTV
DVD-R
Audio
STB
Display

Page 59

Cable Operators’ Business Challenges
 Need to compete with Satellite, ISP, and Telco offerings
• Everything On Demand
 Video on Demand, IP-Video (HDTV/H.264)

• VoIP, Multimedia service, Home Security, other services ??

 Need to drive open standards to lower CAPEX and OPEX
• A flexible network architecture, NGNA
• Communication technologies (Euro- / DOCSIS standards)
 Next Generation DOCSIS  DOCSIS 3.0

• Low-cost CPEs
 Highly Integrated SOCs (HD / H.264)

• Advanced content servers, standard middleware, home networking
technologies
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 60

Current Cable Network

Video
HFC

Set Top Box

Data
Cable Modem
CM + VoIP
CM + RG

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 61

DOCSIS Evolution: Better QoS / Higher BW

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

Applications
• Asymmetric Bandwidth
• Best Effort

•Constant Bit Rate

• Constant Bit Rate

•Symmetric Bandwidth

Applications
•Asymmetric Bandwidth
•Best Effort

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC QoS
Enhancements

MAC Without QoS

MAC Without QoS

A-TDMA/
S-CDMA
MAC Changes

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY

TDMA PHY A-TDMA PHY

S-CDMA PHY

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

MAC Without QoS

Updated 1/20/05

DOCSIS 2.0

Conexant Confidential

DOCSIS 3.0

Page 62

Everything On Demand Network
Thick Set-top Box

HFC
Content

Broadband
Content Gateway

Home Network

Thin STB

 Cable operators and consumer electronics companies
must form alliances
• To provide new content and services

 Cable operators focus on delivering applications /services
• Retain subscribers and increase revenue per subscriber
Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 63

Next Generation STBs, DTVs, ….
 Support for Video over IP via dedicated DOCSIS channels
• HD / H.264, up to 200 Mpbs downstream bandwidth

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

CX2418x
H.264
I/O Bus or PCI CLK TS

YCrCb

CX2417x HD Decoder

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 64

Next Gen. STB with Home Networking

VoIP

HDD (NAS)

Wired

IP-STB
HD / H.264

Wireless

Communication
Processor
IP

RF

Tuner

eCM
DOCSIS 3.0

TS

eSTB
HD / H.264

HDD

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 65

The Future: Multi-Pipe DOCSIS
Multi-Downstreams
Max Rate: 40Mbps x M

1
2
N

Cable Modem

M

CMTS

DOCSIS X.x

2

DOCSIS X.x

1

Multi-Upstreams
Max Rate: 30Mbps x N

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 66

Next Generation DOCSIS 3.0
DOCSIS Version

DOCSIS 1.0

DOCSIS 1.1

DOCSIS 2.0

DOCSIS 3.0

Services
Broadband Internet
Tiered Services
VoIP
Video Conferencing
Commercial Services
Entertainment Video

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Consumer Devices
Cable Modem
VoIP Phone (MTA)
Residential Gateway
Video Phone
Mobile Devices

IP Set-top Box

X

Downstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

40

40

40

200

10

10

30

100

Upstream Bandwidth
Mbps/channel

DS  Bond four 6MHz channels. With 256QAM = 160 Mbps, with 1024QAM = 200Mbps.
US  Bond multiple Channels

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 67

Hard-wired or DSP
 Satellite and Cable Operators will use Hard-wired
solutions
• Performance, Cost, Integration roadmap

 IP/DSL-STB mostly will use integrated Hard-wired
solutions
• Designed primarily for satellite and cable operators

 Large STB IC vendors will drive the cost and
functionality of HD/H.264 STB SoCs
• Responding to satellite and cable STB needs
• Broad portfolio of complementary products and IP

Updated 1/20/05

Conexant Confidential

Page 68

Rene L. Cruz UCSD Networking
Joseph A. Bannister ISI and USC Networking
Daniel J. Blumenthal UCSB Optical Networking
Pamela Cosman UCSD Speech, Image, Audio and Video Coding
Babak Daneshrad UCLA MIMO Wireless
Urbashi Mitra USC Wireless
Jeyhan Karaoguz Broadcom Wireless
Avneesh Agrawal Qualcomm Cellular Wireless
Al Servati Conexant Digital Home