Transcript CPL Air Law ATC Chapters 7 Aim To review the different procedures at various aerodromes.

CPL Air Law
ATC Chapters 7
Aim
To review the different procedures at various
aerodromes
Objectives
1.State the requirements of clearances
2.State the types of clearances available
3.Understand operations associated with Class D or
C airspace
4.State the separation minima for take-off &
landing
1. Requirements of Clearances
AIP ENR 1.1 para 3.1
• Unless in an emergency, clearance is required to enter A, C, & D airspace.
Class E requires clearance for IFR aircraft only.
• Should a pilot have clearance to operate in airspace, it is the pilots
responsibility to ensure deviate from the clearance does not occur
without approval
• Upon first contact the pilot must state position, level, & tracking details
• A clearance does not relieve the pilot from the responsibility of the
aircrafts safety
• A pilot wishing to maintain control area protection should remain 500ft
above the lower limit of that airspace
• An instruction given, amends the last clearance
• Clearances required for an adjacent airspace (eg: YPPF & YPAD) is
provided prior to departure (generally on the Ground)
1. Requirements of Clearances
AIP ENR 1.1 para 3.1 (cont…)
• If planning to flying into a control area from an aerodrome located close
to the entry point, clearance should be requested:
• At a convenient time before take-off where radio communication
can be obtained
• If not the above, then once airborne as soon as practicable
• Clearance including a “CLEARANCE VOID TIME” permits an aircraft to
enter the requested airspace only at the specified time
• Pilots should submit details for flights requiring clearance at least
30minutes before expected time of entry
• Within Class D airspace, a take-off clearance also provides an airways
clearance to operating in Class D airspace
2. Types of Clearances Available
Start & Taxi (AIP ENR para 4.3)
• Some aerodromes (Class C or D) require start approval for certain
operations (eg: circuits at Parafield, details in ERSA)
• A pilot must obtain ATIS prior to taxi request
• Separation is the responsibility of both Controller AND Pilot
• Aircraft in holding bays must give way to aircraft vacating runways or
those already on the taxi way
• Aircraft must stop at holding points & lighted stop bars (orange), and
only proceed upon clearance
• An aircraft issued with a “HOLD SHORT” instruction must not proceed
beyond that limit without a “CROSS RUNWAY/UNDERSHOOT” instruction
(eg: Parafield undershoot areas)
• Pilots unfamiliar with the aerodrome should “REQUEST DETAILED
INSTRUCTION” or “UNFAMILIAR WITH AERODROME”
• A clearance is required to cross any runway
2. Types of Clearances Available
Take-off (AIP ENR 1.1 para 5.4)
• Domestic aircraft should change to Tower frequency when at runway
holding point for takeoff clearance, of which:
• A pilot must not enter a runway unless cleared to take-off, line up,
or backtrack (a line up clc is not the same as back track)
• If backtrack is required the pilot must request such a movement
• If a backtrack instruction on a runway crosses an intersecting runway, a
clearance must be given to cross that runway “CROSS RUNWAY”
• A pilot MUST NOT take-off unless the clearance “CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF” has been issued.
• A clearance for “IMMEDIATE TAKE-OFF” requires the aircraft to line up
and take-off in a single continuous motion
2. Types of Clearances Available
Airways Clearances (AIP ENR 1.1 para 5.4) (cont…)
• If departing a control zone, an airways clearance is required before
entering the adjoining control area
An ‘airways’ clearance IS NOT THE SAME as a ‘take-off’ clearance
However if operating solely in Class D, a take-off clearance is considered
to be a clearance to also operate in the Class D airspace
• Clearance for airways is obtained on the specified Clearance Delivery
Frequency (refer ERSA)
2. Types of Clearances Available
Airways Clearances (AIP ENR 1.1 para 5.4) (cont…)
Airways clearances contain the following details:
• Call sign
• Destination/Next landing point
• Route to be flown
• Assigned level/altitude
• SSR Transponder Code
• Frequency Change requirements/details
Therefore… be prepared to WRITE IT DOWN
After leaving such airspace, further clearance will be required if flight is to
further remain in controlled airspace
2. Types of Clearances Available
Airways Clearances (AIP ENR 1.1 para 5.4) (cont…)
Clearance Limits
The issuing of an airways clearance, may include a lateral limit to that
clearance
The pilot is permitted to fly up to, but must not proceed past that clearance
limit.
Eg:
Approach: “USL, cleared to enter controlled airspace tracking south, limit
Henley Beach”
The pilot is permitted to enter controlled airspace, but must not go past the
Henley Beach
2. Types of Clearances Available
Conditional Clearances (AIP ENR 1.1 para 3.2)
ENR 3.22
ATS may issue a conditional clearance to taxi or enter a runway
If issued a conditional clearance, the pilot must identify the aircraft/object
creating the conditional clearance
Eg:
Tower: “USL, behind the tobago on Bravo, taxi to holding point B1 21L.”
USL/Pilot: “Behind the tabago, taxi to holding point B1, 21L, USL”
3. Operations in Class C & Class D
Entering controlled airspace (AIP ENR 12.2-1.3)
Class C
• Before reaching the control boundary, 2-way contact must be made
• When advance notification is not made, INBOUND/TRANSIT details must be
provided
• Eg: “AD Approach, USL is 10nm South, at 3500ft, request airways clearance
to track Port Norlunga, then Hope Valley for Parafield”
• If an ATIS is available, pilot must listen before making contact
Class D
• Positive identification of 2-way contact is confirmed by the
acknowledgment of “aircraft callsign”. No call sign = No Clearance
• Establishment of 2-way contact permits a pilot to descend as required to
join the circuit, unless stated otherwise. Parafield is UNIQUE
3. Operations in Class C & Class D
Entering controlled airspace (AIP ENR 12.2-1.3)
VMC in Class D airspace:
• Vis 5km
• 600meters from cloud
• 1000ft above
• 500ft below
• A pilot may however, request to operate Special VFR SVFR
SVFR VMC in Class D or C airspace:
• Day
• Clear of cloud
• Vis 1.6km
• Special VFR not permitted in Class E
3. Operations in Class C & Class D
Visual Approach & Landing (AIP ENR 11-14)
• To be Cleared ‘visual approach’ the aircraft must be:
• Within 30nm
• In sight of ground/water
• To Perform a ‘visual approach’ the aircraft must be within 5nm
• A pilot must not land unless issued “CLEAR TO LAND”
• The “option” allows the pilot to perform a touch n go, full stop landing, or
overshoot/pass
• Turning downwind a pilot must report “TURNING DOWNWIND”, unless
other sequencing instructions have been issued, which are then readback
3. Operations in Class C & Class D
Go Around & Taxi after landing (AIP ENR 16-17)
• Aircraft must climb on runway track (not heading)
• Wait for ATC instructions or notify & request intentions
• Parallel runway aerodromes (eg: YPPF, YMMB)
• Climb & track runway
• Position aircraft on live side of runway
• Follow ATC instructions
•
•
•
•
A pilot must not remain on any active runway
Must vacate runway without backtracking
Must contact SMC (ground) after vacating & req further taxi
Must not cross any intersecting runway unless instructed to
3. Operations in Class C & Class D
Transponders (AIP ENR 1.6, para 7)
• Pilot equipped with transponders must activate
• When assigned a Squawk code, the pilot must set this code until that flight
sector is completed
• In controlled airspace:
• Leave transponder to STDBY until entering the runway
• Selected transponder to OFF after landing & clear of runway
• When assigned a code, the pilot must read back that code
•
•
•
•
•
•
IFR in class G 2000
VFR in class G 1200
VFR/IFR in Class D 3000
Emergency 7700
Radio failure 7600
Unauthorised interference 7500
4. Takeoff & Landing minima
Take-off:
• The preceding aircraft must have:
• Crossed the upwind end of runway
• Commenced a turn (eg: crosswind)
• at least 1800m ahead
• MTOW <7000kg, & following a/c <2000kg, both aircraft at 600m apart
• Landing and vacating runway
• Landed & holding short of current runway in use
Landing:
• The preceding aircraft landing must have:
• Vacated & taxiing off runway in use (without backtracking)
• Landed past a point 1000m from threshold (<7000kg)
• ATC considers there to b no collision risk
Questions?