Transcript The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1500-1800 Focuses on the far-reaching changes in life in Western Europe brought about by the Scientific Revolution.

The Scientific Revolution and
the Enlightenment 1500-1800
Focuses on the far-reaching changes in life in Western
Europe brought about by the Scientific Revolution and
the Enlightenment
Chapter 16.4 p. 386
Scientists Challenged Old
Assumptions
Define:
 a.
Geocentric Theory
 Theory that Earth was the center of the universe
 b.
Heliocentric Theory
 Theory that the Sun was the center of the universe
 c.
Scientific Method
 Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Identify:
 e.
Vesalius
 Flemish doctor who studied human anatomy
 f.
Harvey
 English doctor who studied the circulation of human
blood
Answer:
 1.
a. According to Ptolemy, what was Earth’s position in
the universe?
 Earth was in the center of the universe
 b. How did Copernicus’s view differ?
 Earth revolved around the sun
 c. Which theory did Kepler’s observations support?
 Kepler supported Copernicus’ theory
 3.
Why was Galileo’s discovery that the moon had a
rough and uneven surface important?
 It showed that the moon was not made of a pure eternal
substance
Answer:
 5. a. List four new instruments that came into use
during the Scientific Revolution.
 Telescope, microscope, thermometer, barometer
 b. Identify the purpose of each one.
 To enlarge far-off objects; to enlarge minute objects; to
measure temperatures; to measure atmospheric
pressure
Chapter 20.1 p. 460
European Thinkers Expressed
New Ideas
Define:
 a.
Enlightenment
 A period when scholars believed in the use of reason
and in the scientific method
 b.
Philosophe
 Thinker who subscribed to the notion that reason could
be applied to all aspects of life
Identify:
 a.
Newton
 Discoverer of laws of gravity
 b.
Voltaire
 French writer and enlightened thinker
 e.
Encyclopedia
 Diderot’s compilation of most current and enlightened
thinking
Answer:
 1.
Describe the five ideas that were at the heart of the
Enlightenment.




Reason, or the absence of intolerance, bigotry, and prejudice
Nature, including natural laws governing economics and politics
Happiness, or well-being on Earth
Progress, or the notion that human beings and society could be
perfected
 Liberty, to be obtained through reason
 3.
a. What was the purpose of the Encyclopedia?
 To bring together all the most current and enlightened thinking
b. What British work did it inspire?
 The Encyclopedia Britannica
Answer:
 4.
a. Describe three scientific accomplishments of the
Enlightenment.
 The discovery of oxygen, use of inoculation, understanding of
electricity, or advances in geography
b.Describe the two periods of music that flourished during
the Enlightenment.
 Baroque - ornate music stressing counterpoint and fugue
 Classical - style stressing unity, clarity, balance
 5.
“If I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is
because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Who were the
giants to whom Newton was referring? Could this be said of any
scientific accomplishments? Explain.
Chapter 20.2 p. 466
Writers Advocated Liberty and
Reason
Define:
 Define:
 a. Physiocrat
 French Economic Theorists who believed that
government regulations interfered with the production
of wealth
 b.
Free Trade
 The flow of commerce without government regulation
Identify:
 a.
Smith
 The author of The Wealth of Nations who supported free
trade
 b.
Montesquieu
 A French noble who believed political liberty hinged on
separation of powers
Answer:
 1.
a. How did the philosophes feel about economic,
religious, and political liberty?
 They believed people could be happy only in a society that
allowed freedom in these areas
 2.
What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of
economics?
 Self-interest – people are selfish
 Competition – forces a better and competitive product
 Supply and demand – supplies as much as the market needs
 3.
b. What did he [Montesquieu] admire about the
government of Great Britain?
 The separation of powers
Answer:
 4.
a. What was Rousseau's view on government?
 A legitimate government ruled with consent of people
 5. a. What did Montesquieu mean when he said
“Power should be a check to power?”
 Each branch of government would limit the power of
the other branches, and thus, no branch could become a
threat to liberty.