Transcript Basics of IT © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain U1.‹ Learning Objectives In this, we will.

Basics of IT
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain
U1.‹
Learning Objectives
In this, we will discuss :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction to Computer
Functional Units of a Computer
Internal Core Components of a Computer
Input Devices, Output Device and Storage Devices
Generation of Computers
Classification of Computers
Classification of Networks
Virus and Antivirus
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain
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Basics of IT
•
Data - Data is defined as facts related to people ,
places, events or things, which can be represented
using number and letters.
•
Instruction - Instruction is specifying what must be
done to the data.
•
Information
data.
- Information is defined as processed
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Basics of IT
Introduction to Computer & Characteristics of a Computer :1. Speed
2. Accuracy
3. Permanent Memory
4. No intelligence
5. Diligence
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Basics of IT
Computer’s Storage Capacity
1 BYTE
8 BITS
1 KILOBYTE (KB)
1024 BYTES
1 MEGABYTE (MG)
1024 KILOBYTES
1 GIGABYTE (GB)
1024 MEGABYTES
1 TERABYTE (TB)
1024 GIGABYTES
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Basics of IT
• ASCII
ASCII stands for “American Standard Codes for
Information Interchange”. This code is available in two
versions the 7-bit and 8-bit code.
• ASCII-7: In the 7-bit code there are three zones bits. ASCII
being a 7 bit code, offered 128 (27) different characters. It
had 52 binary values for alphabets, both uppercase and
lowercase, 10 for numerals and 66 for special characters.
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Basics of IT
• ASCII-8: In the 8-bit code there are four zones bits. With the
8 bits, it is possible to have 28=256 codes.
• The ASCII-8 code is used to code two types of information:1. One type is the printable characters such as alphabets,
digits and special characters.
2. The other set is known as control characters which
represent coded information to control the operation of
digital computers and are not printed.
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain
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Basics of IT
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain
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Basics of IT
Functional Units of a Computer:1. Input.
2 Storing
3. Processing
4. Output
5 Controlling
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Basics of IT
INPUT
UNIT
STORAGE UNIT
OUTPUT
UNIT
CONTROL UNIT
ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT
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Basics of IT
Input Unit Functions:1. Accepts data from outside world.
2. Converts data to computer acceptable form.
3. Supplies data for further processing.
Output Unit Functions:1. Accepts results in coded form
2. Converts coded form into human form.
3. Gives this to outside world.
Storage Unit Functions:1. Stores data and instructions for processing.
2. Store intermediate results.
3. Stores final results after processing.
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Basics of IT
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Vishal Jain
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Basics of IT
Arithmetic Logic Unit
•
Here the actual execution of data takes place during
processing. All calculations and comparisons are
performed.
•
All data before processing is stored in ALU and then
transferred for further processing.
•
All intermediate results are stored in the primary storage.
After complete processing the final results are stored in
storage unit.
•
The engineering design of ALU tells the type and number
of operations required. Almost all ALU’s perform basic
operations-addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division plus comparisons.
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Basics of IT
The microprocessor contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and
the control unit for a microcomputer. It is connected to memory
and I/O by buses which carry information between the units.
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Basics of IT
Control Unit
•
It selects, interprets, and sees over the execution of the
programs. It maintains order and directs the operations.
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It does not process data but only acts as a central
nervous system. It manages and coordinates computer
system.
•
It issues signals for further processing.
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Basics of IT
Central Processing Unit
•
The Control Unit and the ALU are together called the
CPU.
•
It is the brain of a computer.
•
All major calculations and comparisons are made inside
the CPU .
•
It also activates and controls the other operations. The
major processors are Intel, AMB, Celeron, Cyrix.
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Basics of IT
The most basic components your computer needs to work:1. A CPU or Central Processing Unit. Also known as the
Processor.
2. RAM or Random Access Memory.
3. Motherboard.
4. Hard Disk
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Core Components
Computer CPU(Central Processing Unit)
Also known as the Processor.
The CPU is the brain of the computer. All instructions or
decisions are done by the CPU.
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Core Components
Computer Memory
Also known as, RAM (Random Access Memory).
•Ram is used by the CPU to read and write data to.
• After the CPU does it's work it will write the data back to
RAM or, if the CPU needs to read data, it will read the data
to RAM before processing it.
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Core Components
Computer Motherboard
• The mother of all components.
• Most computer components slots into the motherboard.
• CPU, RAM and PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
devices, is plugged into the motherboard.
In the next slide, the motherboard is shown at the center• It depicts how the components slots into the
motherboard.
• There are hundreds of different motherboards and
models, but they basically do the same thing, connect all
components.
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Motherboard
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Basics of IT
Hard Disk
The hard disk is where you store your data. All your documents,
music files(mp3's), photos, programs and so on.
The picture show a hard disk that has been opened. The
hard disk is encased in metal to protect the platters and
heads. Again, like most components, there are a lot of
different types of disk and sizes.
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Basics of IT
Processors
•
IBM, Intel and AMD are the pioneers in the field of
microprocessor manufacturing.
•
All these latest computer processor gained immense
popularity after the 1980s as there was great
development in the field of computers and technology.
•
Intel 4004 was the first ever single-chip 4-bit
microprocessor and it was released on November 15,
1971.
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Basics of IT
•
•
The first 8-bit processor was 8008 and it released on
April 1, 1972.
Processors such as Intel 8080, 8085, 8086, 8088,
80186, 80188 and 80286 followed in the forthcoming
decade.
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Basics of IT
•
Intel Core is a brand name used for various mid-range
to
high-end
consumer
and
business microprocessors made by Intel.
•
In general, processors sold as Core are more powerful
variants of the same processors marketed as entrylevel Celeron and Pentium.
•
Similarly, identically or more capable versions of Core
processors are also sold as Xeon processors for the
server and workstation market.
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Basics of IT
•
The current lineup of Core processors includes the
latest Intel Core i7, Intel Core i5, and Intel Core i3, and
the older Intel Core 2 Solo,Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2
Quad, and Intel Core 2 Extreme lines.
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Basics of IT
Desktop
Brand
Codenamed
Cores
Fab
Core i3
Clarkdale
Sandy
Bridge
2
2
32 nm
32 nm
Core i5
Lynnfield
Clarkdale
Sandy
Bridge
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge
4
2
4
2
4
2
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
22 nm
Core i7
Bloomfield
Lynnfield
Gulftown
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
4
4
6
4
4
45 nm
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
Laptop
Date
released
January
2010
February
2011
September
2009
January
2010
January
2011
February
2011
April 2012
April 2012
November
2008
September
2009
July 2010
January
2011
April 2012
Codenamed
Cores
Fab
Date
released
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
2
2
32 nm
32 nm
January
2010
February
2011
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
2
2
2
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
January
2010
February
2011
May 2012
45 nm
32 nm
32 nm
32 nm
22 nm
September
2009
January
2010
January
2011
February
2011
May 2012
Clarksfield
Arrandale
Sandy
Bridge
Sandy
Bridge
Ivy Bridge
4
2
4
2
2
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Basics of IT
Popular Input Devices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Keyboard
Mouse
Light pen
Audio input units
Magnetic disks
Scanner
Tele terminals
Joystick
Digitizer (graphic tablet)
Magnetic tapes and cassettes
Floppy and Winchester disks
Optical mark reader (OMR)
Magnetic ink character reader (MICR)
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Basics of IT
Types of output devices:Hard copy devices - Hard copy means that the output is in
directly usable form, that is, in printing or plotted form.
Following hard copy devices are very popular:
1.Printers, 2.Plotters, 3. Photographic output
Soft copy devices - Soft copy is in magnetic/audible form
that cannot be used directly. These devices do not produce a
permanent record. Following soft copy devices are very
popular:
1.VDU, 2.Liquid crystal display (LCD) used in laptop
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Basics of IT
Types of Printers:-
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Basics of IT
Generation of Computers:1. First Generation Computers (1945 – 1955) - The main
component in use were the vacuum tube. Eg. Eniac
2. Second Generation Computers (1955 – 1965) Computers were built using transistors. Eg. IBM 700 SERIES ,
IBM 1620, IBM 1401.
3. Third Generation Computers (1965 – 1970) - Computers
were built using Ics. Eg. IBM 360, IBM 370.
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Basics of IT
4.Fourth Generation Computers (1970 ONWARDS) - In this
generation LSI and VLSI chips are introduced. Eg. DESKTOP, LAP-TOP.
5. Fifth Generation Computers (1982 ONWARDS ) Computer are based on artificial intelligence (AI )
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Basics of IT
Classification of Computers:Microcomputers – Its is a microprocessor. The first
microcomputer was built around 8-bit microprocessor chips.
Includes PC , Desk Top Computers, Laptop. For example:
Zilog Z80, MOS 6502, Intel 8080, MC 6809.
Minicomputers – Minicomputers originated in 1960s. Initially
these were 8 bit and 12 bit machines but by 1970s almost all
minis were transformed into 16 bit machines. eg. MC68000
Series
Mainframes-mainframe computers are generally 32-bit
machines. these are suited to big org. to manage high volume
application. eg. Cyber Series, Cray Series, Cray X
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Computer Components
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Basics of IT
MEMORY UNIT
•Random Access Memory ( RAM )
•Read Only Memory ( ROM )
•Cache Memory
•Clock Speed
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Basics of IT
PRIMARY MEMORY/ STORAGE
1. RAM – RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
2. ROM – READ ONLY MEMORY
•PROM – PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
•EPROM – ERASABLE PRGRAMMABLE READ ONLY
MEMORY
•EEPROM- ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE
PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY
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Basics of IT
SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
Types of Secondary Devices:1. Direct Access Storage Devices
2. Sequential Access Storage Devices
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Basics of IT
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD):It is any secondary storage device which has relatively low
access time relative to its capacity.
Historically, IBM introduced the term to cover three different
device types:
1. disk drives
2. magnetic drums
3. data cells
The direct access capability, occasionally and incorrectly
called random access (although that term survives when
referring to memory or RAM), of those devices stood in
contrast to sequential access used in tape drives.
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Basics of IT
Sequential Access Storage Devices (SASD):•It is a class of data storage devices that read their data in
sequence.
•This is in contrast to random access memory (RAM) where
data can be accessed in any order.
•Sequential access devices are usually a form of magnetic
memory.
•While sequential access memory is read in sequence,
accesses can still be made to arbitrary locations by "seeking"
to the requested location.
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Basics of IT
Generation of Languages:1.
2.
3.
4.
Machine Language
Low Level Language
High Level Language
Fourth Generation Language
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Basics of IT
Machine Language:•Machine code or machine language is a system of impartibly
instructions executed directly by
computer's central
processing unit (CPU).
•Each instruction performs a very specific task, typically either
an operation on a unit of data (in a register or in memory, e.g.
add or move), or a jump operation (deciding which instruction
executes next, often conditional on the results of a previous
instruction).
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Basics of IT
Low-Level Language:•Low-Level programming language is a programming
language that provides little or no abstraction from a
computer's instruction set architecture.
•Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly
language.
•The word "low" refers to the small or nonexistent amount
of abstraction between the language and machine language;
because of this, low-level languages are sometimes
described as being "close to the hardware."
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Basics of IT
High Level Language:•A high-level programming language is a programming
language with strong abstraction from the details of
the computer.
•In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may
use natural language elements, be easier to use, or be from
the specification of the program, making the process of
developing a program simpler and more understandable with
respect to a low-level language.
•The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level"
a programming language is
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Basics of IT
Fourth Generation Language:•A fourth-generation programming language (1970s-1990)
(abbreviated 4GL) is a programming language or
programming environment designed with a specific purpose in
mind, such as the development of commercial business
software.
•In the history of computer science, the 4GL followed
the 3GL in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and
statement power.
•The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL
•Fourth-generation languages have often been compared
to domain-specific programming languages
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Basics of IT
CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE
1. APPLICATION SOFTWARE - MS-WORD , MS-EXCEL,
FOXPRO.
2. SYSTEM SOFTWARE - OPERATING SYSTEM (OS),
COMPILERS, INTERPRETERS.
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Basics of IT
CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORKS
1. LAN
2. MAN
3. WAN
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Basics of IT
LAN
•
Local area network, generally called LAN’s are privatelyowned networks within a single building or campus of up
to a few kilometers in size.
•
They are widely used to connect personal computers and
workstations in company offices and factories to share
resources and exchange information.
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Basics of IT
•
LAN’s are distinguished from other kinds of networks by
three characters:
• Their size
• Their transmission technology
• Their topology
•
LAN often use a transmission technology consisting of a
single cable to which all the machines are attached.
•
LAN often uses various types of topologies for example
tree topology, bus topology, ring topology.
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Basics of IT
MAN
•
A metropolitan area network or MAN is basically a bigger
version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology.
•
It might cover a group of nearby corporate offices or a
city and might be either private or public.
•
A MAN can support both data and voice, and might even
be related to the local cable television network .
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Basics of IT
WAN
•
Wide area network spans a large geographical area often
a country or continent.
•
It contains a collection of machines intended for running
user programs.
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Basics of IT
Network Hardware
Network Interface Card(NIC):It provides an interface between the cables and the
clients.
Hub :Hub acts as an intermediate between the Server and the
Clients.
Switches:Switches are also called as intelligent hubs .
Bridges:Different LAN’s can be connected by devices called
bridges , which operate on the data link layer.
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Basics of IT
•
A computer virus is a computer program that can
replicate itself and spread from one computer to another.
•
The term "virus" is also commonly, but erroneously, used
to refer to other types of malware, including but not limited
to adware and spyware programs that do not have a
reproductive ability.
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Basics of IT
•
Malware
includes
computer
viruses,
computer
worms, Trojan horses, most rootkits , spyware,
dishonest adware and other malicious or unwanted
software, including true viruses.
•
Viruses are sometimes confused with worms and Trojan
horses, which are technically different.
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Basics of IT
•
A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself
automatically to other computers through networks, while
a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but
hides malicious functions.
•
Worms and Trojan horses, like viruses, may harm a
computer system's data or performance.
•
Some viruses and other malware have symptoms
noticeable to the computer user, but many are
surreptitious or simply do nothing to call attention to
themselves.
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Basics of IT
Antivirus
•
Antivirus or anti-virus software is software used to
prevent, detect and remove malware, such as:
•
Computer viruses, adware, backdoors, malicious BHOs,
dialers, fraud tools, hi , malicious LSPs, rootkits, spyware,
Trojan horse and worms.
•
Computer security, including protection from social
engineering techniques, is commonly offered in products
and services of antivirus software companies.
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Basics of IT
There are several methods which antivirus software can use
to identify malware.
1.Signature based detection is the most common method:• To identify viruses and other malware, antivirus software
compares the contents of a file to a dictionary of virus
signatures.
•
Because viruses can embed themselves in existing files,
the entire file is searched, not just as a whole, but also in
pieces.
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Basics of IT
2. Heuristic-based detection, like malicious
detection, can be used to identify unknown viruses.
activity
3. File emulation is another heuristic approach:• File emulation involves executing a program in a virtual
environment and logging what actions the program
performs.
•
Depending on the actions logged, the antivirus software
can determine if the program is malicious or not and then
carry out the appropriate disinfection actions.
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Basics of IT
Hacker Vs Cracker
•
A hacker is a person who is proficient with computers
and/or programming to an elite level where they know all
of the in's and out's of a system. There is NO illegality
involved with being a hacker.
•
A cracker is a hacker who uses their proficiency for
personal gains outside of the law. EX: stealing data,
changing bank accounts, distributing viruses etc.
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Basics of IT
•
What the hacker does with their knowledge of systems
within the definition of the law is what defines them as a
hacker vs a cracker.
•
It's then safe to say that all crackers are hackers, but not
all hackers are crackers. This is an important distinction.
•
The term cracker and hacker are used interchangeably
(albeit incorrectly) largely due to the ignorance of the
general populace, especially the media.
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Basics of IT
The major research area of IT are listed below :• Electronic Commerce
• Strategic IT Management
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• Supply Chain Management
• IT Personnel Management : Careers & Competencies
• Management of the Outsourcing of IT & Other Business
Functions
• Data mining, Data Modeling and Decision Support
Systems
• E-Government
• Virtual Communities & Knowledge Management
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References
Main Reading Books:
1. P. K. Sinha and Priti Sinha , “Computer Fundamentals”, BPB
Publications, 2007.
2. Alex Leon and Mathews Leon, “Fundamentals of Information
Technology”, Leon Techworld, 2007.
3. V. Rajaraman, “Introduction to Information Technology”, PHI, 2006.
REFERENCES:
1. Alex Leon and Mathews Leon, “Introduction to Computers”, Vikas
Publishing House,2007.
2. Norton Peter, “Introduction to computers”, TMH, 4th Ed., 2006.
3. Simon Haykins, “Communication System”, John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
4. B. Basaraj, “Digital Fundamentals”, Vikas Publications, 1999.
5. 6. V. Rajaraman, “Fundamentals of Computers”, PHI, 5th Ed., 2006.
7. David Anfinson and Ken Quamme, “IT Essentials PC Hardware and
Software Component on Guide”, Pearson, 3rd Ed., 2008.
8. Malvino and Leach, “Digital Principles and Application”, TMH, 1999.
9. Ramesh S. Gaonkar, "Microprocessor Architecture Programming and
Application with 8085”, PHI, 2001.
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