Transcript Fundamentals of IT

Fundamentals of
Information Technology
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
A World of Computers
What is computer literacy?
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Knowledge and understanding of computer and its
uses
Computers are everywhere
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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What Is a Computer?
How is a computer defined?
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Electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory
Accepts data
Raw facts, figures, and
symbols
Processes data into
information
Data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
Produces and stores results
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Advantages of Using Computers
What are the advantages of using computers?
Speed
Reliability
Storage
Consistency
Communications
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Disadvantages of Using Computers
What are the disadvantages of using computers?
Violation of
Privacy
Impact on
Labor Force
Public Safety
Health Risks
Impact on
Environment
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Generation of Computers
First Generation (1946-1954 )
Vacuum tubes
Second Generation (1955-1965)
Transistors
Third Generation (1968-1975 )
Integrated Circuits (IC)
Fourth Generation ( 1976-1980)
Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
(VLSI)
Fifth Generation (1980 – till today )
Ultra Scale Integrated Circuits (ULSI)
Micro Processor (SILICON CHIP)
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What Is a Computer?
What is the information processing cycle?
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Input
Process
Output
Storage
Communication
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The Components of a Computer
• Hardware of a modern Personal Computer.
1. Monitor
2. Motherboard
3.CPU
4.RAM
5.Expansion cards
6. Power supply
7.Optical disc drive
8. Hard disk drive
9. Keyboard
10.Mouse
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The Components of a Computer
What is an input device?
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It is used
to enter data
and instructions
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The Components of a Computer
What is an output device?
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Hardware that
conveys
information
to one or more
people
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is the system unit?
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Case containing
electronic
components of
the computer
that are used to
process data
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What are two main components on the motherboard?
Processor
Also called a Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The electronic component that interprets and carries
out the basic instructions that operate the computer
Memory
Consists of electronic components that store
instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by
those instructions
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is a storage device?
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Holds data, instructions, and information
for future use
Storage media
Physical material on which data, instructions,
and information are stored
Storage device
Records and retrieves items to and from
a storage medium
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What are storage media?
Hard Disks
USB Flash Drives
CDs
Memory Cards
DVDs
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is a storage device?
Retrieves
(reads)
Records (writes)
items to storage
items from
media
storage
media
Often function
as a source
of input
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is a USB flash drive?
Portable storage device
Small and lightweight enough
to be transported on a keychain
or in a pocket
The average USB flash drive
can hold about 1-64 billion
characters
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is a hard disk?
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Provides greater storage
capacity than a
USB flash drive
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Most are housed inside
of the system unit
What is an SSD?
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Provides storage capacity
comparable to a hard
disk, but faster.
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Most are housed inside
of the system unit
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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The Components of a Computer
What is a compact disc?
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Flat, round, portable metal disc
 CD-ROM
 CD+/-R
 CD+/-R/W
 DVD-ROM
 DVD+/-R
 DVD+/-R/W
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CD+/-R and
DVD+/-R also
called WORM
technology [Write_Once_Read_Many]
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© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Networks and the Internet
 A network is a collection of computers and devices
connected together
Used to share
Resources
Hardware
devices Software
programs
Data
To save
Information time
and
money
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Communication device
What is a communications device?
Hardware component that
enables a computer to
send and receive data, instructions,
and information
Occurs over cables, telephone
lines, cellular radio networks,
satellites, and other
transmission media
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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5 Basic Components
Every communication system has 5 basic requirements
•Data Source (where the data originates)
•Transmitter (device used to transmit data)
•Transmission Medium (cables or non cable)
•Receiver (device used to receive data)
•Destination (where the data will be placed)
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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5 Basic Components
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Transmission Media
Transmission media are of two types :
• Guided : cables such as Twisted pair, Coaxial
and Fibre Optics.
• Unguided : Non cable methods such as satellite
communication, microwave transmission,
wireless and bluetooth.
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Networks and the Internet
What is the Internet?
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Worldwide collection of networks that connects
millions of businesses, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Networks and the Internet
Why do users access the Internet
(1969)?
1. Communications
2. Information
3. Shopping
4. Banking and Investing
5. Classes
6. Entertainment
7. Download Music
8. Share Information
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Networks and the Internet
What is the Web (1989)?
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Billions of documents, called Web pages, available to
anyone connected to the Internet
A Web site is
a collection of
related Web pages
You can share
information on a social
networking Web site
A Web page contains
text, graphics, audio,
video, and links to
other Web pages
A podcast is
recorded audio
stored on a Web site
that can be
downloaded
A blog consists of timestamped articles in
a journal format
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Computer Software
What is software?
Consists of a series
of instructions that
tells the computer
what to do and
how to do it
Also called a
program or
a collection of
programs.
Types of Software : Application Software & System Software
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Computer Software
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
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Allows you to
interact with the
software using
graphics and visual
images such as
icons
Controls how you
enter data and
instructions and
how the screen
displays
information
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Computer Software
What is system software?
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Programs that control or maintain the operations of
the computer and its devices
Operating System (OS)
is a set of programs
that coordinates all
activities among
computer hardware
devices
Utility Programs allow the user to
perform maintenance-type tasks
usually related to managing a
computer, its devices or its programs
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Definition of an OS
• An Operating System (OS) is a program which acts
as an interface between computer system users and
the computer hardware.
• It provides a user-friendly environment in which a
user may easily develop and execute programs.
• Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be
mandatory for computer programming.
• So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of
hardware from uninterested users.
• Examples of OS are Windows, Linux, Unix, DOS
etc.
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Functions of an OS
 The OS manages these resources and allocates them
to specific programs and users.
 With the management of the OS, a programmer is rid
of difficult hardware considerations.
 An OS provides services for
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Processor Management
Memory Management
File Management
Device Management
Concurrency Control
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Computer Software
What is application software?
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Programs designed to make
users more productive
Create/Produce useful data
Word
Processing
Spreadsheet
Database
Presentation
Graphics
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Computer Software
What is a programmer?
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Someone who develops
application or system
software
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Programmer writes
the instructions to
direct the computer to
process data into
information
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Categories of Computers
Personal Computers
(desktop)
Mobile Computers and
Mobile Devices
Game Consoles
Servers
Mainframes
Supercomputers
Embedded Computers
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Personal Computers
What are the two most popular series of personal
computers?
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PC and compatibles
use the Windows
operating system
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Apple Macintosh
usually uses the
Macintosh operating
system (Mac OS X)
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Personal Computers
What is a desktop computer?
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Designed so all of the components fit on or under
a desk or table
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a notebook computer?
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Portable, small enough
to fit on your lap
Also called a laptop
computer
Generally more
expensive than desktop
computers with equal
capabilities
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a Tablet PC?
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Resembles a letter-sized slate
Allows you to write on the
screen using a digital pen
Especially useful for taking
notes
Can you say UPS, FEDEX,
DHL?
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What is a handheld computer?
Small
enough to fit
in one
hand
iPad,
etc. !!
Sometimes referred to
as an ultra-personal
computer (uPC), or an
Ultra-Mobile PC
(UMPC), or a handtop
computer
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones?
A smart phone is
an Internet-enabled
telephone that usually
provides PDA capabilities
Like the iPhone, Treo,
Android (‘Droid) etc.
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Game Consoles
What are game consoles?
Mobile computing device designed
for single-player or multiplayer video
games
Like the Xbox,
Wii, Sony
PlayStation3
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Servers
What types of servers are there?
Server Controls access to network
resources and provides centralized
storage
Mainframe Very powerful,
expensive computer that supports
thousands of connected users
[Also called an Enterprise Server]
Supercomputer The fastest, most
powerful, most expensive
computer. Used for applications
requiring complex mathematical
calculations
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Embedded Computers
What is an embedded computer?
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A special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a home user?
 Personal Finance Management
 Web access
 Communications
 Entertainment
 (Games)
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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Examples of Computer Usage
What software is available for a small
office/home office (SOHO) user?
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Productivity
software
Specialty
software
Web usage
E-mail
(Games)
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63 by Narinder Kaur
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