Ancient Society 8000 BCE – 600 BCE Classical Era 600 BCE – 600 CE Middle Ages 600 CE – 1450 CE Colonialism 1450 CE – 1750 CE Industrial.

Around 8000BCE, the Palaeolithic carved tally marks into stones and other various geometric forms. This tallying is said to be one of the simplest and earliest forms of counting. This for of counting was used for around 5000 years before the invention of numbers.

Hunter-Gatherers began growing crops for their food supply

In 8000 BCE hunter-gatherers in the Jordan Valley in Southwest Asia began growing crops such as corn and fruits to help supplement their food supply.

Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe

This book contributes to cultural history. It also contributes to archeomythology in Europe.

Fertile Crescent Settlement

At around 7000 BCE, the Fertile Crescent saw some of its earliest forms of settlement. People began to use the newly developed idea of domesticated plants and agriculture, and farms began to spring up. The farms anchored families into place and “towns” began to spring up.

Warp-weighted Loom

When did textiles first develop? They possibly could have originated from 7000 BCE when archaeologists believe that the first warp-weighted loom was created. Weavers would use wool and spin it into yarn to weave into blankets and fabric.

Earliest Attempt at Writing

In 2003 a scientist by the name of Dr. Garman Harbottle from Upton, New York and a team of archarologist may have discovered the earliest attempt at writting. Their findings included scratching into tortoise shells that date back to 8600 years ago. The inscriptions include 11 different symbols that of which may have been the earliest words. The shells were found buried in the graves of 24 people in Western China. Although scientist question the age of the shells, this finding is astounding.

Jewish Calendar

The first year of the Jewish calendar was recorded in 3760 BCE. Here is a picture explaining the Jewish calendar.

Bronze Age

Occurred different times in different places, but overall happened during 3500 BCE. Bronze is made up of copper and tin. It led to the creation of better swords, plows, and other tools. Bronze was most importantly used for large surpluses of agriculture that allowed many more people to live in an area. It led to the rise of societies and cities, and it also increased the social and gender roles that first came with the discovery of early agriculture.

Hieroglyphics

In 3500 people learned how to draw. Hieroglyphics were developed around this time in Egypt.

The Sahara Desert Begins Forming

A drought begins in Northern Africa that begins forming the largest desert in the world, the Sahara Desert. People flee the drought by settling along the Nile River.

The Lifecycle

The religious beliefs of these early people were based on the life cycles of being born and dying. This chart demonstrates their life cycle.

Westcar Papyrus

The Westcar Papyrus consists of 12 rolls containing five stories about priests and magicians performing incredible sensations. At the time, the King’s sons would tell him these stories at the royal courts.

The Story of Sinuhe

The Stories are considered to be one of the greatest pieces of Ancient Egypt literature. It was written after the death of Pharaoh Amanemhat I. He founded the 12 th dynasty of Egypt.

Hammurabi

The oldest set of laws that was written in a rock. Hammurabi, a kinsman healer, received the laws from sun gods in around 1792 BC. He died in 1750 BC.

The Alphabet

The alphabet replaced pictographs between 1700 and 1500 B.C. in the Sinaitic world. The current Hebrew alphabet and writing became popular around 600 B.C.

The Story of Wenamun

There is only one known incomplete copy of the book. The story is about a priest from Wenamun. He builds a boat and travels around to different cities facing hardships like robbery and rude reception. He attempts to makes deals and trades with the King, yet his boat is blown off course. The stories stop after he is killed by a mob.

Invention of the Dictionary

In 1000 BCE the Chinese invented the first dictionary in 1000 BCE. This dictionary consisted of symbols and letters that were organized in a way t help understand the meaning of the symbol or design.

The Story of the Odyssey

The Odyssey was first written in 800 BC and was passed down through oral tradition. The Odyssey is a major Greek poem and has been translated into many languages.

Printing

Printing is invented. It occurs in China under the T’ang Dynasty.

The Babylonian Empire

The Babylonian Empire ruled in lower Mesopotainia. Known for its resistance towards the Persian Empire. Created Hammurabi’s Code.

Buddha is Born

Gautama Siddartha (563 –479 BCE), is the prince from present day Nepal who became the Buddha, or ‘the Enlightened One.’ He required his followers to separate themselves from a normal way of life. His goal was to reach nirvana.

Western Wall

The Second Temple on Mount Moriah was completed at Jerusalem. Today, only the "Western Wall" remains after its destruction in 70 C.E.. Today the wall is a holy site to the Jews.

Ancient Writing

The ancient Persians are believed to have created a script by about 500-600 BCE to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid kings. These scripts were made up of horizontal, vertical, and diagonal nail looking letters, which in Farsi are called “Script of Nails” or “Khat-e-Mikhi”.

Parthenon

The Temple of Athena Parthenos, known as the Parthenon (constructed from 447 –432 B.C.), is now a ruin in Athens. The Parthenon was built to shelter a huge gold and ivory statue of the goddess Athena. The building, made of Pentelic marble, is 228 feet by 101 feet. The temple was constructed larger than usual so that the statue would not be cramped in the naos. The larger of the two interior rooms, the naos, housed the standing statue of Athena at forty feet tall.

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and was also King of Macedonia. He was born in Pella, once the ancient capital of Macedonia, in 356 B.C. Alexander’s teacher was the well known Greek philosopher, Aristotle, who taught him rhetoric and literature, and introduced him to science, medicine, and philosophy. Alexander replaced his father as King in 336 B.C. when his father, Phillip II, was assassinated.

Birth of Jesus

Jesus was born either before 4 BCE or in 6 CE when Herod the Great died. Jesus was baptized by Baptist John during John's ministry, according to Luke. After that Jesus' ministry lasted around three years coming from the Gospel of John.

Golden Age of Latin Literature

Literature in Latin began as translation from the Greek. It started in the roman empire and when the roman empire fell the language and literature both stayed. In the later years other languages branched off from latin.

First Dictionary

In 20 CE the first dictionary was compliled together by Marcus Verrius Flaccus.

Roman invasion of Britain

In 55 CE The vast Roman army of Caesar invaded the coasts of Britain.

Buddhism Shaped China

When Buddhism was introduced to china it reshaped the whole country. Buddhism grew so much that great amounts of money were spent on large beautiful temples. Besides temples there was also landscapes that were created. Other than physical aspects there were many rituals but in place which are in some places still performed today.

Josephus writes The Jewish War

According to Josephus there were some religious tensions between the Greeks and the Jewish. But during the tension protests over taxation random attacks on roman citizens and perceived 'traitors' occurred in Jerusalem. Many Jews became afraid and fled to the back to the coast where a small army was started and eventually was taken down by and ambush.

First Encyclopedia

In 77 CE the first encyclopedia was made. The name of the encyclopedia was Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis.

Buddhism

In 100 CE Mahayana Buddhism was becoming much more popular and was on the rise.

Gunpowder and Paper

In 200 CE the Han dynasty was inventing many items used very commonly in the world today. Some of which were gunpowder and paper.

Great Wall of China

By 215 CE Emperor Qin Shihuang commanded that the previous walls that were across the land be connected to make one big barrier called the Great Wall of China. The wall was built by soldiers, slaves, criminals, and common people of China.

Iron smelting technology develops in East Africa

Most early processes in Africa involved smelting iron ore in a bloomery, where the temperature is kept low enough so that the iron does not melt. This produces a spongy mass of iron called a bloom, which then has to be molded into certain forms. Iron what started to be used more and more because of shortages of copper and tin to make bronze. In a bloomery they use charcoal to heat the iron ore to a temperature were iron can be molded. The charcoal was made from wood that was headed slight to make it almost a pure carbon substance for burning.

Aristarchus

In 270 CE, a Greek astronomer found that the earth revolved around the sun. The astronomer name was Aristarchus.

St. Pope Eutychian's reign over the catholic church.

In this period St. Pope Eutychian ruled the catholic church.

First Form Of Ancient Mayan Written Language.

The earliest form of the Mayan’s written language.

Tolctec Empire

The Tolctec Empire rises and flourishes in central America.

King Arthur Slows The Saxons Conquest Of England

King Arthur defeats the Saxon’s army and slows any sort of forward advance to England.

Muhammad

Muhammad traveled around the Arabian Peninsula starting in 610 CE. He spread the word of the Quran. He is now a global figure for close to 1 billion Islamic followers.

Emperor Gaozu

Emperor Gaozu, pictured here, was the first ruler of the Tang Dynasty, or the “Golden Age” of Chinese Imperialism.

Ninjutsu

Around 618 to 907 CE, the time of the Tang Dynasty, a shunned samurai was walking the mountains of Japan when he met a chinese monk warrior. When they exchanged stories, the chinese man went through the same troubles as this man. Together they created a new, silent, and deadly form of fighting called ninjutsu. It involves stealth and quick kills.

Yiwen Leiju

Yiwen Leiju

is an encyclopedia from the Tang Dynasty that was published around 624 by a famous Chinese scholar and calligrapher named Ouyang Xun.

Vakyapadiya

The Vakyapadiya was written in this period and an important Indian religious document. Written by the Indian philosopher Bhartrhari. For some it is considered the most significant work of the Indian language.

Haakon IV Haakonsson

Haakon IV Haakonsson, Norwegian king, was very important in the course of kings and monarchies. He established the power of monarchies, was a great force within the arts, and was the one who established Norwegian sovereignty over Greenland and Iceland.

The Book of Kells

In 750 CE, Irish monks started to create early medieval art and architecture. The most famousand greatest surviving product is the Book of Kells.

King Charlemagne

The Great King of the West King Charlemagne, lord of western Europe was a Frank who inherited power from his father Pippin III in 768 and ruled jointly with his brother until Carloman died in 771. From that point on he ruled alone and in 800 was surprised by Pope Leo by being crowned king, from there on he went on to unite much of Europe.

The Vikings

From 800 CE-1100 CE around Denmark, Norway, and Sweden groups of non-Christian warriors commonly called vikings appeared and gained a reputation of raiding, conquest, and dominance. By 1066 much of Viking culture was absorbed into Christianity and so ended the Viking age.

Beowulf

Beowulf, found in 985, is the oldest surviving epic in England. It is seen as a very important piece for Medieval Europe. No one knows who originally wrote it, however.

First Agricultural Revolution

The first agricultural revolution of medieval Europe began in 1050 CE, when people shifted to the North because of a nice change in climate. They used new technology like the heavy plow and mills for textile. Western Europe was able to gain back their economy and efficiently brew beer, produce paper, and use iron and horses.

The Crusades

The Crusades were a series of wars that lasted from the early 12th century to the late 13th century, with 9 in total.

King John of England

King John of England reigned over England from 1199 to 1216 CE. During his reign, England lost Normandy to France and watched as England went through a civil war.

Robin Hood

Robin Hood, a literary legend, was a 13th century anarchist who killed the rich and government officials, and gave the stolen money to the poor common weath of England.

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan ruled the Mongols. He ruled everything between the Caspian Sea and Beijing. In 1227, he died, but he didn’t feel he was successful in uniting the Mongol tribes the way he should have.

Decretals of Gregory IX

Saint Raymond of Penafort- Dominican friar who wrote a very important document in the church until 1917. He wrote the

Decretals of Gregory IX,

a book of Medieval church law. He also served as a chaplain for Pope Gregory IX.

Bubonic Plague

The Bubonic Plague killed more people in the Middle Ages than any other disease. It was also used by the Mongols as the first version of biological warfare, after the Mongols hurled infected corpses over the walls of cities they invaded. This picture of a man in a mask depicts a doctor of the day. The mask was to prevent him from getting the plague.

The Inferno

The Inferno

is a part of the epic poem

The Divine Comedy.

It was written in between 1308 and 1321 CE by Dante Alighieri.

Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri was a famous author in the Middle Ages. He wrote the epic poem the Divine Comedy between the years of 1308-1321 CE.

Joan of Arc

In 1429, Joan of Arc, a peasant French girl seeks for the French leader and shares her idea to drive the English out of France. She takes control of the troops and liberates most of the country.

Joan of Arc was captured by the English

Joan of Arc was captured by the English and burned at the stake for her involvement in the Hundred Years War

Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable printing press

Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable printing press. It allowed for the printing many different works because of removable handset block letters, pressed on a paper.

Turks conquer Constantinople

Turks conquer Constantinople. This marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Ottoman Empire.

Johannes Gutenberg completed the Mazarin Bible

Johannes Gutenberg completed the Mazarin Bible. It was written in Latin and was the first Bible to be mass produced.

Ivan the Great begins his rule

Ivan III, or Ivan the Great, begins his rule as Russia’s first Czar. He ruled from 1462 until 1505

Christopher Columbus discovers America

Christopher Columbus unintentionally discovers America, while looking for a trade route to Asia.

First slaves brought to America

First slaves were brought to America from Spain. An estimated 645,000 slaves were brought to the U.S.

Cortes discovers Mexico

Cortes discovers Mexico. He also wiped out the entire Aztec society.

Ferdinand Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan is the first person to go around the world. The voyage took 2 years.

Ivan the IV comes to power

Ivan the Terrible (aka Ivan the IV) came to power in the year 1533. He was crowned in Moscow, Russia.

The first book is printed

The first book is printed. It was made in the Western Hemisphere of Mexico

First Bible printed in English

First Bible is printed in English. It was printed by John Rogers.

Elizabeth I becomes queen

Elizabeth I is now the queen of England. She ascends the throne after her half-sister Mary dies.

The Plague

The general outbreak of the bubonic plague starts in Europe. 75 million people were killed by this plague.

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.

Shakespeare wrote the play Romeo and Juliet. It became one of the most popular plays in the 1600s.

English East India Company

English East India Company established. It was formed so that England could trade with East and Southeast Asia and India.

Shakespeare finishes Hamlet

Shakespeare finishes the writing of Hamlet. It goes on to become a world famous work of literature.

Taj Mahal completed

The Taj Mahal is completed. It was built in the memory of the Mughal emperor's wife Mumtaz Mahal.

End of Ming Dynasty

The end of Ming Dynasty in China. Descartes's Principles of Philosophy is also written.

PA is founded

Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn. The name Pennsylvania means “Forest of Penn” to honor William Penn’s late father.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain is formed

England, Whales and Scotland are joined by the parliamentary Act of Union.

Seven Years War (French and Indian Wars)

Britain and Prussia defeat France, Spain, Austria, and Russia resulting with France losing North American colonies. Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba.

Boston Massacre

The Boston Massacre was a street fight between a Patriot mob and a squad of British soldiers. The Massacre left 5 colonists dead.

Boston Tea Party

Citizens under the rule of Great Britain were unhappy about the recently passed Tea Act which put taxes on every tea company except the East India Trading Company almost guaranteeing colonists to buy tea from them. Upset about this “tax without representation”, a group of colonists dressed as Native Americans boarded three ships full of the tea and threw the cartons overboard into the ocean.

The American Revolution

Beginning with the battle of Lexington and Concord, the American Revolution was mainly fought between America and Britain. The colonists of America wanted to be free of Great Britain's rule due to various laws Britain opposed on the colonists as well as taxes.

The Steam Engine: Watt's Breakthrough

James Watt's improvements in the steam engine were a major contributor to the spread of the Industrial Revolution throughout the world. By 1790, his new steam engine provided a powerful and reliable source of energy, available almost everywhere.

Eli Whitney Patents the Cotton Gin

The cotton gin became known as one of the most important inventions of the 18th century. This brought a great industrial advancement in the cotton industry. The cotton gin separated the cotton seeds from the cotton, making cotton a more profitable crop.

Haiti Gains Independence

Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first post-colonial black republic in the world along with the first independent nation in Latin America. It is also one of the only nations whose independence came in part from a successful slave rebellion. However, the years that followed the war devastated the nation's economy.

Pride and Prejudice

This novel written by Jane Austen is about the main character Elizabeth Bennett. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth receives an education in etiquette, manners, and marriage in preparation to the upper class societies. Another main character Mr. Darcy, an upper class man, starts to fall in love with a women in a lower class.

Oliver Twist

Published

Charles Dickens's second novel

Oliver Twist

was published in 1938 and portrays in several instances abandoned children and criminals in London.

The First Opium War

Between the Qing dynasty in China and Britain's East India Company, this brief clash arose when the East India Company began secretly importing opium into China to balance their trade deficit. The First Opium War began after millions of Chinese citizens grew addictions.

New Zealand is Founded

On February 6, 1804, the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Maori (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and the British. The Treaty of Waitangi is considered the founding document of New Zealand.

Hong Kong ceded to the British

On August 29, 1842, the Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to Britain. The treaty marked the end of the first Opium War and is often called the unequal treaty by the Chinese as Britain and no return.

A Christmas Carol

Published

Charles Dickens wrote the novel

A Christmas Carol

, which tells of a sour Ebenezer Scrooge's change of heart after visits of the Ghosts of Christmas.

“The Tell-Tale Heart” Published

Published in 1843, in this short story by Edgar Allan Poe the narrator has murdered an old man. Although he believes himself mentally healthy, the story ends with the narrator's guilt exploding inside him (as he thinks the man's heart is still beating).

Wuthering Heights

This novel by Emily Bronté was originally rejected, until Emily’s sister Charlotte edited it. The novel is about the love between the 2 main characters, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff. This passionate love for each other eventually becomes detrimental to their lives.

California Gold Rush

California Gold Rush begins when James Marshall found gold at Sutter’s Mill. Many people across the country and even around the world sought the gold, faced countless difficulties and hardships heading towards California.

The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter is an 1850 romantic work of fiction in a historical setting. The story begins in seventh century Boston, then a Puritan settlement. Hawthorne publishes

The Scarlet Letter

, which sells 4,000 copies in the first 10 days and becomes a best seller.

Dred Scott Case vs. Sandford Case

The U.S. Surpreme Court came to a conclusion about the Dred Scott Court Case that African slaves in the US are not citizens of the US, therefore are not able to sue. The Constitution did not apply to them.

Thomas Edison Invents the Light Bulb

Thomas Edison tested and experimented with an older idea of electric lights. One day, he had the perfect combination of supplies creating electric light. His success brought him fame and wealth, in addition to lighting up the world.

France Give the US The Statue of Liberty

France dedicated the Statue of Liberty to the US to honor the friendship both countries had formed during the American Revolution.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

This book written by Mark Twain is about a young boy, Huckleberry Finn who runs away with a slave from his father. During the adventures, they face many exiting times yet they have to fight to overcome racism.

New Zealand: First country to let Women Vote

The electoral bill granted the women fighting for suffrage what they had long been waiting for. Women were able to vote and run for office.

First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War was a war between Japan and China over who gets to dominate of Korea. Japan ended up winning.

Wright Brothers’ First Flight

After years of experimentation, Wilbur and Orville Wright accomplished what they set out to do. Their flight is the first in aviation history.

Henryk Sienkiewicz Wins Nobel Prize

Henryk Sienkiewicz received the Nobel Prize in literature, and made his acceptance speech on December 10 th of 1905. His most famous book,

Quo Vadis

, is about Christian persecution at the time of Nero.

The Jungle

is Published

Written by Upton Sinclair, the book reveals the horrendous conditions of meat-packaging factories in the US. The book astonished the nation and became a bestseller.

Moving Assembly Line Developed

Henry Ford develops the moving assembly line. The line was first used to produce the Model T Ford, and is now used globally.

World War I Begins

The beginning of the war is marked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary. Following his death, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Germany declared war on Britain and France, and Britain declared war on Germany.

Women’s Suffrage

Congress passed the bill granting women the right to vote July 4, 1919. The bill was then passed to the states, and was finally ratified after Tennessee’s vote.

Stock Market Crash

The stock market crash resulted in a financial crisis for the US, therefore affecting economies worldwide. Known as the Great Depression, it was one of the worst economic downfalls in US history.

Superman Comics Debut

Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel debuted the comic in 1938. However the idea of a science fiction comic came about between the two friends in the early 1930s, while they were still in school.

Gone With the Wind Movie Released

The historically romantic novel, Gone With the Wind, made box office history in 1939. This world-wide film took this beloved story and brought it to life, portraying many aspects of the era, including racism and slavery.

Signing of the United Nations charter

In the 1942 “Declaration of United Nations,” President Roosevelt stated how 26 countries pledged unity to continue fighting the axis powers. The idea of “United Nations” replaced Roosevelt’s “League of Nations,” and in 1945, 50 countries met in San Francisco to create and sign the charter.

Anne Frank’s Diary Published

Anne Frank, a Jew living in Germany, kept a secret diary during World War II. After her death in the concentration camps, her father, Otto, found the diary. After a few changes to the original diary, it was first published in 1947.

Korean War Begins

Korean War begins

- On June 25, 1950, the Korean war began after the North Korean forces moved across the 38th parallel. Once this occurred, the US joined South Korea in the Korean War.

Science Fiction Makes Its Debut

Science Fiction

- This genre became very popular in the 1950s do to the possibility of space travel.

Discovery of DNA

DNA discovered

- The discovery of DNA changed the world. In 1953, it allowed people to understand more about their past families.

First Mission to Space

First space mission by soviets

- On April 12, 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin went into space. The trip lasted a total of 108 minutes before they came back to Earth.

Assassination of M.L.K., Jr.

Martin Luther king Jr. Assassination

- On April 4, 1968, MLK, Jr. was shot in his face and neck. This occurred while he was on his balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had come to lead a peaceful march in support of striking sanitation workers. He died an hour later at St. Joseph hospital.

Cold War Ends

On July 6 th , the Western Alliance ended the Cold War by proposing joint action with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. As a result, the Berlin Wall was torn down.

First Harry Potter Book Released

First released in stores in the United Kingdom,

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone

, the book eventually sold 7 million copies worldwide. Due to the popularity, the book has been translated into 67 different languages.

Twin Towers Destroyed

Terrorists from the Middle Eastern group of Al-Qaeda hijacked four planes. Two were crashed into the New York’s Twin Towers, and a third into the Pentagon. The fourth crashed before hitting the intended target.

9.0

Devastates Japan

Due to the severity of the earthquake, warnings were initially issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center to Russia, Hawaii, Indonesia, Australia, the west coasts of North and South America, and several other Pacific islands. The whole event was devastating, leaving countless dead and the nuclear power facility in Japan in a state of failure.