CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS CRUDE PROTEIN: CRUDE FIBRE: WATER: WATER SOLUBLE CH: CELLULOSE: HEMICELLULOSE: AMINO ACID: CELLULAR CP: RICH IN: METHIONINE: NPN: 30-300 g/kg DM 200-400 g/kg DM 850-650 g/kg 40 – 300 g/kg.
Download ReportTranscript CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS CRUDE PROTEIN: CRUDE FIBRE: WATER: WATER SOLUBLE CH: CELLULOSE: HEMICELLULOSE: AMINO ACID: CELLULAR CP: RICH IN: METHIONINE: NPN: 30-300 g/kg DM 200-400 g/kg DM 850-650 g/kg 40 – 300 g/kg.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS CRUDE PROTEIN: CRUDE FIBRE: WATER: WATER SOLUBLE CH: CELLULOSE: HEMICELLULOSE: AMINO ACID: CELLULAR CP: RICH IN: METHIONINE: NPN: 30-300 g/kg DM 200-400 g/kg DM 850-650 g/kg 40 – 300 g/kg DM, STEM > LEAVE 200-300 G/kg DM 100-300 g/kg DM not alter greatly with age, even between species > 50% in the form of single enzyme: RIBULOSE 1,5-BIPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE ARGININE, GLUTAMIC ACID AND LYSINE (higher b.v for growth than seed protein) is the first, ISOLEUCINE is the second limiting amino a.a. varies with physiological stage. The more favorable growth condition the the higher the NPN as well as TOTAL NITROGEN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PASTURE GRASS NPN: LIPID: MINERAL: CAROTENE: main component: A.A., AMIDE (glutamine and asparagine), NITRATE ( nitite oxidises the ferrous iron of haemoglobin to the ferric state producing brown pigment, methaemoglobin, which is incapable of transporting oxygen to the body tissues relatively low, not exceed 60 g/kg DM, include: TRIACYLGLICEROL, GLYCOLIPID, STEROL, WAXES, PHOSPOLIPID. Main fatty acid: LINOLENIC (60-75% total f.a), next are LENOLEIC and PALMITIC ACID very variable depending upon: species, stage of growth, soil type, cultivation condition, fertilizer application 500 mg/kg DM Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan RANGES OF ESSENTIAL MINERAL CONTENTS OF TEMPERATE PASTURE GRASSES ELEMENT LOW NORMAL HIGH g/kg DM Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Sulphur Magnesium <12.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 < 2.0 < 1.0 15.0-30.0 2.5- 5.0 2.0- 3.5 2.0- 3.5 1.2- 2.0 >35.0 > 6.0 > 4.0 > 4.0 > 2.5 mg/kg DM Iron Manganese Zinc Copper Molybdenum Cobalt Selenium <45.0 <30.0 <10.0 < 3.0 < 0.40 < 0.06 < 0.02 50.0-150.0 40.0-200.0 15.0- 50.0 4.0- 8.0 0.5- 3.0 0.08-0.25 0.03-0.20 >200.0 >250.0 > 75.0 > 10.0 > 5.0 > 0.30 > 0.25 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan COMPOSITION OF THE DM OF A SAMPLE OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS CUT AT A YOUNG LEAFY STAGE (g/kg) Proximate composition Carbohydrates Nitrogenous components CP EE CF NFE Ash Glucose, 16 Fructose, 13 Sucrose, 45 Oligosaccharide, 19 Fructans 70 Galactan, 9 Araban, 29 Xylan, 63 Cellulose, 202 Total N, Protein N Non-protein N 190 45 208 449 108 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan 30 27 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PASTURE 1.STAGE OF GROWTH Structural carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicellulose) and lignin increase (reflected in increase of CF, from 200 to 400 g/kg DM). Protein decreases. Total ash content decreases (reflected from Ca content). OM digestibility decrease with ages. Digestibility influent by stem:leaf ratio. In very young, digestibility of stem is higher than that of leaves. With advancing of maturity, digestibility of leaf decreases slowly but stem fall rapidly. Net energy value decrease with age due to a low o.m digestibility and increasing hemicellulose 2.SPECIES AND CLIMATE In temperate area grasses grow and mature relatively slow and can thus be utilized at an early stage of growth when their nutritive value is high. In warmer however grasses mature more rapidly, their cp and phosphorus falling to very low levels and their fibrous content raising. In the wet tropics the herbage available is commonly fibrous but lush, in drier areas the mature herbage become desiccated. In temperate grasses fructans areSurisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan the main storage ch while in tropical species these are replaced by starch. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PASTURE Varieties within a species generally differ to only a small degree in nutritive value, if the comparison is made at the same stage of growth, but differences between comparable species may be larger. 3.SOILS AND FERTILIZER TREATMENT The type of soil may influence the composition of pasture especially it mineral content. The acidity of soil is an important factor influencing the uptake of trace minerals. Mn and Co are poorly absorbed by plant from calcareous soil. Whereas low Mo level of herbage are usually associated with acid soil. Liberal dressing of fertilizer affect the mineral content of plant. Nitrogenous fertilizer increase protein, affect amide and nitrate content, depresses fructan content of temperate grasses. Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE FRACTION SUGAR DEXTRINS STARCHES TOTAL CH AVAILABLE CH PECTINS GUMS HEMICELLULOSES UNAVAILABLE CH or DIETARY FIBRE CELLULOSE CF LIGNIN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan COMPOSITION OF FOUR CUTS OF RYEGRASS Composition Young Late leafy leafy Ear emergence Ash Crude protein Ether extract Crude fibre Nitrogen free extract 81 186 38 212 483 85 153 31 248 483 78 138 30 258 496 57 97 25 312 509 Crude lignin Cellulose Soluble ch 36 253 125 46 284 115 55 299 115 75 356 101 ME (sheep) NE main NE lwg 13.1 10.3 6.9 12.2 9.3 6.9 11.6 8.8 5.6 8.9 7.3 3.8 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan Full seed Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan HIJAU LEAFY LUNAK TAK LAPUK RUMPUT PANEN KERING HAY LEGUME LEGUME HAY NON-LEGUME HAY MIXED HAY KONDISI TNH TIME OF CUTTING CURING HARVESTING SHATTERING BLEACHING + FERMENTATION LEACHING Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan TIME OF CUTTING: • ALFALFA: BUD TO 1/10 FLOWER • SOYBEAN: POD BEGIN TO FILL • GRASS: BEFORE BEGIN TO BLOOM • BUTIRAN: EARLY MILK STAGE STAGE OF MATURITY VEGETATIVE BUD BLOOM MATURE LEGUME % PROTEIN %TDN NON LEGUME % PROTEIN %TDN 19 14 10 6 14 10 7 4 70 63 56 49 Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan 70 63 56 49 CURING: POTONG SEBELUM EMBUN HILANG WILTED WIND ROWS HARVESTING: BALLING <20% MOISTURE WAFER <10% MOISTURE SOIL CONDITION: KAYA MINERAL (Ca, P) KAYA MINERAL PUPUK N KAYA PROTEIN Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan ADVANTAGES: • SUCCULENT • > BANYAK NUTRIENT PER SATUAN LUAS • < NUTRIENT YANG HILANG • > PALATABLE • > MUDAH DICAMPUR DG MKN LAIN • HEMAT TEMPAT PENYIMPANAN • TIDAK ADA BAHAYA KEBAKARAN DANGEROUS: • NITROGEN DIOXIDE • CARBON DIOXIDE • TEMPERATUR TINGGI Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan • BAKTERI TINGGI KUALITAS SILAGE VERY GOOD: BERSIH, RASA ASAM, TDK ADA ASAM BUTIRAT, TIDAK BERJAMUR, TIDAK BERLENDIR, hH 3,5-4,2, JUMLAH NH3 <10% DARI TOTAL N GOOD: RASA ASAM, SEDIKIT ASAM BUTIRAT, pH 4,2-4,5 NH3 10-15% DARI TOTAL N FAIR: SEDIKIT ASAM BUTIRAT, SEDIKIT PROTEOLISIS, pH 4,5-4,8 JUMLAH NH3 15-20% DARI TOTAL N POOR: BANYAK ASAM BUTIRAT BAU, BANYAK PROTEOLISIS pH > 4,8 NH3 > 20% DARI TOTAL N Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan BAHAN TAMBAHAN: • STRONG ACID pH <4 FERMENTASI BAIK •ASAM FORMIAT •HCl •H2SO4 •SODIUM BISULFID •PATI DAN GULA •JAGUNG •MOLASSES Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan SPERMATOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMA DICOTYLEDONEAE MONOCOTYLEDONEAE ROSALES GLUMIFORA ROSINAE GRAMINAE LEGUMINOSAE PAPILIONACEAE MIMMOSACEAE CAESALPINIACEAE Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan CYPERALES CYPERACEAE PAPILIONACEAE: • ARACHIS HYPOGEA • CAJANUS CAJAN (PIGEON PEA) • COLOPOGONIUM MUCONOIDES (DOG PEA) • CICER ARIETINUM (CHICK PEA) • CLITORIA TERNATEA (BUTTERFLY PEA) • CROTALARIA USARAMOENSIS (CURARA PEA) • INDIGOFERA ERECTA • PUERARIA JAVANICA • PUERARIA TRILOBA • SESBANIA GLANDIFLORA • SESBANIA ACULATA • STYLOSANTHES GRACILLIS Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan MIMMOSACEAE: • MIMMOSA INVISA (SIMEDURI DURI) • MIMMOSA PUDICA (DAUN TIDUR) • LEUCAENA GLAUCA (LAMTORO) CESALPINIACEAE: • TAMARINDUS INDICUS • CAESALPINIA PULCHERINA • POINCIANA REGIA • CASIA SIAMEA Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan GRAMINEAE: • BRACHIARIA BRIZANTA (SIGNAL GRASS) • CHLORIS GAYANA (RHODES GRASS) • CYNODON DACTYLON (BERMUDA GRASS) • DIGITARIA DICUMBEN (PANGOLA GRASS) • DIGITARIA SCALARUM (KALANJANA) • EUCHAENA MEXICANA (TEOSINTE) • PANICUM MAXIMUM • PANICUM DILATATUM • PANICUM NOTATUM • PENNISETUM PURPUREUM (GAJAHAN) • PENNISETUM CLAUDESTINUM (KIKUYU GRASS) • SORGHUM VULGARE • SACCHARUM OFICINARUM • ZEA MAYS Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan CYPERACEAE: • CYPERUS ROTUNDUS • FIMBRISTILIS ANNUA • KYLLINGA MONOCEPHALA Surisdiarto-BMT-Hijauan