Transcript COMPUTER SCIENCE PROJECT: BY: Pruthivi muhilan Pawan S Rao Pradeep Praveen Nishchay  Protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network .  Defines a standardized formats.

COMPUTER SCIENCE
PROJECT:
BY:
Pruthivi muhilan
Pawan S Rao
Pradeep
Praveen
Nishchay
 Protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network .
 Defines a standardized formats for data packets, techniques for
detecting and correcting errors and so on .
 It is a formal description of message formats and the rules that two
or more machines must follow to exchange those messages .
 It supports multitasking.
 There are few common protocol :
1.
2.
3.
4.
HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol)
FTP (File transfer protocol )
TCP/IP (Transmission control protocol /Internet protocol)
SLIP/PPP (Serial line internet protocol / Point to Point protocol).
Is a communication protocol for the transfer of information on the internet
and the World Wide Web(WWW).
 Is an application level protocol with the lightness and speed necessary for
distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.
It is also used as a generic protocol for communication between user agent
and gateways to other Internet protocols.
It consists of two distinct items:
The set of request from browsers to servers
The set of responses going back to the other way.
The HTTP has various built-in methods.
HTTP CONNECTIONS
FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL:
Is the simplest and most secure way to exchange file over the internet .
Files of any type can be transferred, although have to specify whether the files is
ASCII or binary file.
The objectives are :
1.
2.
3.
4.
To promote sharing of files.
To encourage indirect or implicit use of remote computers,
To shield a user from a variations in file storage system among hosts,
To transfer data reliably and efficiently.
The advantages are:
1. It is very useful to transfer files from one network in an organization to another ,
2. It is an effective way to get a geographically dispersed group to co-operate on a
project,
3. It is a potent and popular way to share information over the internet.
 Is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to the server.
Data can be lost in the intermediate network.
 It keeps track of what is sent, and retransmits anything that did not get through.
 If any message is too large for one datagram, TCP will split it up into several
datagram, and make sure that they all arrive correctly.
 IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to
organization to region and then around the world.
 TCP and IP were developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research project to
connect a number of different networks designed by different vendors into a
network of networks.
 It is based on “ catenet model ”, open connection , built on “connectionless “
technology.
 Information is transferred as a sequence of “ datagrams ”.
TCP-A mind map
SLIP allows a computer to use the Internet protocol with a standard voice-grade
telephone line and a high-speed modem.
PPP is used by users connected to a network with a serial connection or modem to
establish a temporary network connection. It is usually used to route IP, and
sometimes IPX network traffic between the fixed network and the remote user.
SLIP/PPP provides the ability to transport TCP/IP traffic ever serial line between
two computers. The home user’s computer has a communications link to the
internet. The home user’s computer has the networking software that can speak
TCP/IP with other computers on the internet. The home user’s computer has an
identifying address(IP address) at which it can be contacted by other computers on
internet. E.g. dial up connection.
SLIP CONNECTION:
PPP CONNECTION:
LAYERED PPP:
IPCP – IP control protocol
NCP- Network control protocol
LCP- link control protocol
WIRELESS/MOBILE COMPUTING
Wireless communication is simply data
communication without the use of landlines.
Mobile communication means that the
computing device is not continuously
connected to the base or central network.
Various Technologies and Interfaces
 GSM
 CDMA
 WLL
 3G and EDGE
 SMS
 Email
 Voice Mail
 Chat
 Video Conferencing
GSM
GSM is short for Global System for Mobile
communications, which is one of the leading digital
cellular systems. It was established in mid 1980’s.
GSM has now become the international standard in
Europe, Australia and much of Asia and Africa.
SIM CARD
A SIM is actually a tiny computer chip that gives a
cellular device its unique phone number. It has a
memory, a processor and the ability to interact with
user. Currently SIM typically have 16 to 64kb of
memory, which provides plenty of room for storing
hundreds of personal phone numbers, text messages
and other data.
CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) uses
a spread-spectrum techniques where data is
sent in small pieces over a number of discrete
frequencies available for use. Each user’s
signal is spread over the entire bandwidth by
unique spreading code. At the receiver and
the same unique code is used to recover the
signal.
WLL
Mobile telephone is primarily meant to provide
telephone for people on the move. The telephone
is meant to keep the person connected while
he/she is away from home and office. The key
here is universal coverage.
3G AND
EDGE
3G (Third Generation) mobile communication
technology is a broadband, packet based
transmission of texts, digitized voice, and multi at
data rates up to and possibly higher than 2 Mbps,
offering a consistent set of services to mobile
computer and phone users no matter where they
are located in the world.
SMS
Short Message Services (SMS) is the
transmission of short text messages to and
from a mobile phone, fax machine and/or
IP address.
E-MAIL
Email is basically short form for electronic mail
i.e., messages sent electronically. Electronic mail
is changing the world thinks about exchanging
information. It has invaded every area of
computing and has revolutionized science and
business.
VOICE MAIL
The voice-mail refers to email systems that
supports audio. Users can leave spoken
messages for one another and listen to the
messages by executing the appropriate
command in the e-mail system.
CHAT
Chatting is the most fantastic thing in internet.
Chatting is like a text-phone. In a telephonic
conversations, you say something, people hear it and
respond, you hear their responses on spot and can reply
instantly. In the same manner, in chatting, you type a
message on your screen, which is immediately received
by the recipient., then the recipient can type a message
in response to your message, which is received by you
instantly.
VIDEO
CONFERENCING
The next dimension in Internet communication
is the videophone. People who have a
multimedia PC with a camera and video
comparison hardware, access to Internet over
an ordinary telephone line, and videophone
software can see each other while talking,
which is what is called video conferencing.
Internetworking Terms and concepts
In this section we will be dealing with:
1. WWW (World Wide Web).
2. Telnet.
3. Web Browsers and Servers.
4. URL(Uniform Resource locator) &
Domains.
5. Web Sites, Web pages & Web Address.
6. Web Hosting.
7. HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language).
8. XML((eXtensible Markup Language).
9. DHTML(Dynamic HTML).
10. Web Scripting.
WWW - ’world Wide Web’
World Wide Web (WWW) is a set of protocols that
allows us
to access any document on the net through
a naming system based on URL’s.
WWW also specifies a way –The Hyper text Transfer
Protocol – To request and send a document over the
internet.
Some people mistake WWW for Internet BUT WWW is
a small part of Internet. If Internet is a Highway then,
WWW is a truck that uses the Highway
WWW ATTRIBUTES
 User Friendly
 Multimedia Documents access easy
 Hyper Text and Hyper Links
 Interactive –User Network Interface
 Frames.
2. TELNET
Telnet is an older Internet Utility that lets you
logon to remote computer system.
Basically a Telnet programme give you a
character based Terminal window on another
system. If you have a permitted Access you
can work on that system.
 Telnet is an Internet facility to logon to
remote computer system
 To Run a TELNET Session
o Run TELNET Client – Start ->Run open : telnet
o Connect to TELNET site.
o Start browsing
o Disconnect TELNET (Alt+ F4 key
combination)
3. WEB BROWSERS & WEB SERVERS
 WWW is based upon clients and Servers
 WWW client is called Web browser & WWW
server is called a Web Server Internet explorer
and Netscape Navigator are two most
popular web Browsers.
 Definition: Web browser is WWW client that
Navigates through the WWW and displays
Web Pages.
WEB –SITE, BROWSER, PAGES
 A location on Net server is called a Website
 Each Website has unique address called URL
 Eg. Website of Kendriya Vidyalaya
Malleswaram has a URL (address) called
http://www.kvmb.org
URL AND DOMAIN NAMES
• The Internet structure is built on a set of rules
called Hypertext transfer Protocol (http) and
Hypertext markup language (html) . http uses
Internet address a special format called
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), it looks like
type://address/path
• Type specifies the type of server in which the file is
located
• Address is the address of the server
• Path tells the location of the file on the server
 Eg. http://encycle.msn.com/getinfo/style.asp
 http specifies the type of server
 Encycle .msn.com is the address of the server
 Getinfo/ style.asp is the path of the file style .asp
SYNTAX ELEMENTS OF URL
 URL is an address of a file on Internet.
 A File’s Internets address is determined by
the following
 Type of server or protocol
 Name /address of the server on the Internet
 Location of the file on server
 Intelligent Browsers like Internet Explorers
can display files in any format
Example: DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
 Consider URL : http://www.google.co.in
 http identifies both the protocol and the server
 : and // follow protocol server.
 Next component is the server name beginning
with www, “.com” suffix called domain indicates
whether the web site is commercial (“.com”), non
profit organisation (“.org”), school or university
(“.edu”), branch of government (“.gov”)
 In addition to Domain and Protocol, URL may also
indicate Country name “.in” refers to India.
INTERNET SERVERS AND WHAT THEY
PROVIDE?
SERVER
PROTOCOL
INFORMATION IT
PROVIDES
ftp
File transfer protocol
Text and Binary files that
are organised in
hierarchical structure like
tree
http
Hyper text transfer
protocol
Hyper text / Hyper media
files (multimedia
documents-images,
sound and video
documents)
News
Network news trasfer
protocol (NNTP)
News group organised in
hierarchical structure
Mail
Post office protocol
(POP) & simple mail
transfer protocol (SMTP)
Message sent via
Electronic Mail.
Some common Domains
Sl.no.
Domain ID
Affiliation
1.
com
Commercial
2.
edu
Educational
3.
mil
Military
4.
net
Network resources
5.
co
Company
6.
biz
Business
7.
tv
Television
WEB PAGE
Definition:
A location on the net server is called Web page.
HOME PAGE- Top level web pages of a web site
WEB PORTAL- It is a web site that hosts other
web sites.
Eg.: google, yahoo
WEB HOSTING
Definition: Web Hosting is a means of hosting
web server application on a computer system
through which electronic content on the
internet is readily available to any browser
client.
Computer which provides Web Hosting is called
Web server. Web Host allows customers to
place documents on web server.
WEB HOSTING
FREE
HOSTING
DEDICATED
HOSTING
WEB
HOSTIN
G
COLOCATION
HOSTING
SHARED
HOSTING
FREE HOSTING
 Some servers offer free of cost publishing of web
pages.
Open and check out Pawan’s personal website
http://pawansrao.teacher.tripod.com/index.html
SHARED HOSTING
 Web hosting company provide some space on its
server for publishing the web pages on charges.
HTML
 Everything we see on web is documents
written in the special language called html.
This language tells the browsers (internal
explorer) how to display text pictures on the
screen
 html is not a word processing tool not a desk
top publishing software but just a page layout
and hyperlink specification language.
 Layout commands are called tags.
XML
Extensible Markup Language, text format, commonly
known as XML, created to structure, store, and send
electronic information, especially on the World Wide
Web. In appearance, XML is similar to Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML), which is used to create pages on the
Web. The main difference between the two is that HTML
determines how Web pages look whereas XML
categorizes information on a Web page
XML and HTML complement each other.
For example, HTML includes the tags, or
markup language, needed to indicate a
section of text that should be centered on
a screen. XML takes this a stage further
and creates tags for certain categories
such as dates, names, addresses, prices,
and so on.
DHTML(DYNAMIC HYPERTEXT MARKUP
LANGUAGE)
 “Dynamic HTML” is typically used to
describe the combination of HTML, style
sheets and scripts that allows documents to
be animated.
 For example: A piece of text can change
from one side or color to another, or a
graphic can move from one to another
location, in response to some kind of user
action such as clicking a button.
WEB SCRIPTING
 A web scripting is a script list of commands embedded
in a web page . scripts are interpreted and executed by
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a certain program.
TYPES OF SCRIPTS:
the web scripting are of two types :
1- CSS(CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTS)
IN this script the interaction within a web page is
takes place.
SOME SAMPLE USES OF CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPT ARE :
a. to get data from user screen or from browser.
b. for plying on line game.
c. customizing the display of pages in browser with
reload the page.
 2- SSS(server- side script)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
THIS scripts enables the completion or carrying out a
task at the server end and then sending the client end.
UESE OF SSS:
Password protection
Browser customization.
Form processing
Building and displaying pages created from a data
base.
Dynamically editing changing or adding content to a
web page
OPEN SOURCE BASED SOFTWARES
THE TERM “OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE”
GENERALLY REFERS TO THOSE CATEGORIES OF
SOFTWARES WHOSE LICENSES DO NOT IMPOSE
MUCH CONDITIONS.THESE SOFTWARES GIVE
USERS FREEDOM TO RUN THE SOFTWARE FOR
ANY PURPOSE, TO STUDY AND MODIFY THE
PROGRAM,AND TO REDISTRIBUTE THE COPIES.
THERE ARE TWO CATEGORIES: FREE SOFTWARE AND
 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE
FREE SOFTWARES
FREE SOFTWARES MEANS THE S/W IS FREELY
ACCESSIBLE AND CAN BE FREELY
USED,CHANGED,
IMPROVED,COPIED ANDDISTRIBUTED BY ALL
WHO WISH TO DO.ALSO NO PAYMENT ARE
NEEDED TO BE MADE FOR FREE S/W.
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE CAN BE FREELY USED
BUT IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE FREE OF CHARGE.
IN CASE OF OPEN SOURCE S/W,THE SOURCE CODE
IS FREELY AVAILABLE TO THE CUSTOMER.BUT IT
DOSEN’T JUST MEAN ACCESS TO THE SOURCE
CODE
THE DISTRIBUTION TERMS OF OPEN SOURCE S/W
MUST COMPLY WITH THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: FREE REDISTRIBUTION
 SOURCE CODE
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARES
 DERIVED WORKS
 INTEGRITY OF THE AUTHOR’S SOURCE CODE.
 NO DESCRIMINATION AGAINST PERSONS OR
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GROUPS.
NO DESCRIMINATION AGAINST FIELDS OF
ENDEAVOR.
DISTRIBUTION OF LICENSE.
LICENSE MUST NOT BE SPECIFIC TO A PRODUCT.
THE LICENSE MUST NOT RESTRICT OTHER S/W.
LICENSE MUST BE TECHNOLOGY NEUTRAL.
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
OSS:- REFERS TO OPEN SOURCE S/W,WHICH
REFERSTO S/W WHOSE SOURCE CODE IS
AVAILABLE TOCUSTOMERS AND IT CAN BE
MODIFIED ANDREDISTRIBUTED WITHOUT ANY
LIMITATION.AN OSS MAY COME WITH FREE OF
COST OR WITH A PAYMENT OF NOMINAL
CHARGES.
FLOSS:- REFERS TO FREE LIBRE(FREEDOM) AND
OSS.IT REFERSTO A S/W WHICH IS BOTH FREE S/W
AS WELL AS OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE.
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
GNU(GNU’s Not Unix):-GNU PROJECT EMPHASIZE
ON THE FREEDOM AND ITS OBJECTIVE IS TO
CREATE A SYSTEM COMPATIBLE TO UNIX BUT NOT
IDENTICAL WITH IT.
FSF(FREE S/W FOUNDATION):IT IS A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION CREATED
FOR THE PURPOSE OF FREE S/W MOVEMENT.FSF
HAS FUNDED HAS FUNDED MANY SOTWARE
DEVELOPERS TO WRITE SOFTWARES.
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
OSI(OPEN SOURCE INITIATIVE):IT IS AN ORGANISATION DEDICATEDTO CAUSE OF
PROMOTING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE.IT SPECIFIES
THE CRITERIA FOR OPEN SOURCE S/W AND PROPERLY
DEFINES THE TERMS AND SPECIFICATIONS OF OSS.
THE DISTRIBUTION TERMS OF OSS MUST COMPLY
WITH THE OPEN SOURCE DEFINITION BY OSS.
W3C(WORLD WIDE WEB CONSORTIUM):IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCINDTHE S/W
STANDARDS FOR WORLD WIDE WEB.IT WAS
CREATED IN OCT 1994,TO LEADTHE WORLD WIDE
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
WEB TO ITS FULL POTENTIAL BY DEVELOPING
COMMON PROTOCOSTHAT PROMOTE ITS
EVOLUTION AND ENSURE ITS INTEROPERABILITY.
PROPRIETARY SOFTWARE:IT IS THE SOFTWARETHAT IS NEITHER OPEN NOR
FREELY AVAILABLE.ITS USE IS REGULATED AND
FURTHER DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION IS
EITHER FORBIDDEN OR REQUIRWS SPECIAL
PERNISSION BYTHE SUPPKIER OR VENDOR.ITS
SOURCE CODE IS NOT AVAILABLE.
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
FREEWARE:THESE ARETHE S/W FREELY AVAILABLE,WHICH
PERMIT REDISTRIBUTION BUT NOT
MODIFICATION.FREEWARE IS DISTRIBUTED IN
BINARY FORM WITHOUT ANY LICENSING FEE.
SHAREWARE:SHAREWARE IS THES/W FOR WHICH LICENSE FEE
IS PAYABLE AFTER SOMETIME LIMIT,ITS SOURCE
CODE IS NOT AVAILABLE AND MODIFICATIONTO
THE S/W ARE NOT ALLOWED.
TERMINOLOGIES PERTAINING TO OSS
SHAREWAREIS NOT SAMETHING AS FOSS FOR
TWO MAIN REASONS: THE SOURCE CODE IS NOT AVAILABLE.
 MODIFICATIONTOTHE S/W ARE NOT ALLOWED.