INTRODUCTION ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODY FIDYA,DRG,M.SI ANATOMY anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect. Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body. SURVEY OF SOME.
Download ReportTranscript INTRODUCTION ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODY FIDYA,DRG,M.SI ANATOMY anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect. Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body. SURVEY OF SOME.
INTRODUCTION ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODY FIDYA,DRG,M.SI ANATOMY anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect. Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body. SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY Person Civilization Lifetime or Date of Contribution Contribution Menes Egyptian About 3400 B.C Wrote the first anatomy manual Homer Ancient Greece About 800 B.C Describes the anatomy of wounds in the iliad Hippocrates Ancient Greece About 460377 B.C Father of medicine; inspired the Hippcrates Oath Aristotle Ancient Greece 384-322 B.C Founder of comparative anatomy Herophilus Alexandria About 325 B.C. Conducted remarkable research on aspects of the nervous system Erasistratus Alexandria About 300 B.C. Sometimes called father of physiology; attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human function Celsus Roman 30 B.C.–A.D. 30 First medical author to be printed (1478) in movable type after Gutenburg’s invention SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY Person Civilization Lifetime or Date of Contribution Contribution Galen Greek (lived under domination) 130–201 Probably the most influential medical writer of all time; established principles that went unchallenged for 1,500 years de’ Luzzi Renaissance 1487 Prepared dissection guide Leonardo da Vinci Renaissance 1452–1519 Produced anatomical drawings of unprecedented quality based on human cadaver dissections Vesalius Renaissance 1514–64 Refuted past misconceptions about body structure and function by direct observation and experiment; often called father of anatomy Harvey Premodern (European) 1578–1657 Demonstrated the function of the circulatory system; applied the experimental method to anatomy SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY Person Civilization Lifetime or Date of Contribution Contribution Leeuwenhoek Premodern (European) 1632–1723 Refined the microscope; describe various cells and tissue Malpighi Premodern (European) 1628–94 Regarded as father of histology; first to confirm the existence of the capillaries Sugita Premodern (Japanese) 1774 Compiled a five-volume treatise on anatomy Schleiden and Schwann Modern (European) 1838–39 Formulated the cell theory Roentgen Modern (European) 1895 Discovered X rays Crick and Watson Modern (English and American) 1953 Determined the structure of DNA Collins and Venter Modern (American) 2000 Instrumental in human genome research MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY & RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY Specialties of microscopic anatomy: cytology /cellular biology developmental anatomy / embriology histology Radiographic anatomy provides a way of observing structures within the living body. Radiology substances of different densities absorb different amounts of X rays resulting in a differential exposure on film. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY CELLULAR LEVEL The cell the basic structural and functional component of life. Cells atoms molecules Certain molecules are grouped in specific ways to form small functional structures called organelles. Examples: bone cells, muscle cells, fat cells, blood cells, liver cells, and nerve cells. TISSUE LEVEL Layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common function. Four principal kinds of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. ORGAN LEVEL An organ is an aggregate of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function. Examples: the heart, spleen, pancreas, ovary, skin, and even any of the bones within the body. Each organ has one or more primary tissues and several secondary tissues. Examples: (In the stomach) The inside epithelial lining (the primary tissue) secretion and absorption occur within this layer. The connective, nervous, and muscle tissues (secondary tissue) SYSTEM LEVEL A body system consists of various organs that have similar or related functions. Examples: the circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, and endocrine system. Certain organs may serve two systems. The pancreas functions with both the endocrine and digestive systems The pharynx serves both the respiratory and digestive systems. All the systems of the body are interrelated and function together, making up the organism. ANATOMY WORDS PLANES OF REFERENCE Sagittal plane Midsagittal (median) plane Coronal plane /frontal planes Transverse plane/ horizontal/ cross-sectional planes SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANE EXTENDS LENGTHWISE AND DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PORTIONS. A MIDSAGITTAL PLANE PASSES EXACTLY THROUGH THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY ( FIG.D ) SAGITTAL CUTS THAT ARE NOT ALONG THE MIDLINE ARE CALLED PARASAGITTAL SECTIONS FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANE EXTENDS LENGTHWISE, BUT IT IS PERPENDICULAR TO A SAGITTAL PLANE AND DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO ANTERIOR AN POSTERIOR PORTION TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO THE BODY’S LONG AXIS AND THEREFORE DIVIDES THE BODY HORIZONTALLY TO PRODUCE CROSS SECTION. A TRANVERSE CUT DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PORTIONS PLANES OF REFERENCE AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY Anatomical Position The body is erect. The feet are parallel to each other. The feet flat on the floor. The eyes are directed forward. The arms are at the sides of the body. The palms of the hands turned forward. The fingers pointed straight down. THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Standing erect Face forward Arms at the sides Palms and toes directed forward DIRECTIONAL TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF ONE BODY PART IN RELATION TO ANOTHER. DIRECTION TERM ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL ) A body part is located toward the front : The windpipe ( trachea ) is anterior to the oesophagus POSTERIOR ( DORSAL ) A body part is located toward the back : The heart is posterior to the sternum ( breastbone ) SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) A body part is located above another part, or toward the head : The face is superior to the neck INFERIOR (CAUDAL) A body part is below another part, or toward the feet : The navel is inferior to the chin MEDIAL A body part is nearer than another part to an imaginary midline of the body : The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes LATERAL A body part is farther away from the midline : The eyes are lateral to the nose PROXIMAL A body part is closer to the point of attachment or closer to the trunk : The elbow is proximal to the hand DISTAL A body part is farther from the point of attachment or further from the trunk or torso : The hand is distal to the elbow SUPERFISIAL ( EXTERNAL ) A body part is located near the surface : The skin is superfisial to the muscles DEEP ( INTERNAL ) The body part is located away from the surface : The intestines are deep to the spine CENTRAL A body part is situated at the center to the body or an organ : The central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body PERIPHERAL A body part is situated away from the center of the body or an organ : The peripheral nervous system is located outside the central nervous system IPSILATERAL A body part is on the same side of the body as another body part : The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot CONTRALATERAL A body part is on the opposite side of the body from another body part : The right hand is contralateral to the left hand REGIONS OF THE BODY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR PORTIONS AXIAL PORTION Head & Neck Trunk : Thorax , abdomen , pelvis APPENDICULAR PORTION The upper limbs The lower limbs TERIMA KASIH