Transcript Non-Conventional Energy Sources Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack Environmental Aspect of Energy Degradation of Air, Water and Soil Main reasons  Energy generation and its utilisation  Conversion losses, by.

Non-Conventional Energy
Sources
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Environmental Aspect of Energy
Degradation of Air, Water and Soil
Main reasons
 Energy generation and its utilisation
 Conversion losses, by products
Trade-off has to be established between
energy and environment.
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Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Environmental Aspect of Energy
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Ecology
Greenhouse effect
Consequences of global warming
Pollution
- Indoor
-Outdoor
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy-Economy-Energy and
Sustainable Development
The strategy for mitigating three Es issues is –
Sustainable economic development.
Herman Daly: Ecological economist
1.
The consumption rate of renewable resources is
not higher than its recovery rate.
2.
The consumption rate of non-renewable resources
is not higher than the rate of increase in renewable
resource supply.
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The emission of pollutants is within the absorption
capacity of the environment.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status
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In 2008 the annual primary energy consumption of
the world is 500 exajoules or 138.8 x 10 to the power
12 KWH or 1.5 x 10 to the power 7 MW.
Fossil power provides 90 % of total.
25 % (approx.) of this energy used in transportation
75% in industries, domestic, agriculture and social
consumers.
Growth forecast: 2.2 % during 2004-2030.
70% of this will come from developing countries.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Conventional Resources
 Fossil fuels
North America:
19.81%
Russia:
23.77%
Middle East:
17.88%
China:
8.57%
Australia and East Asia: 7.71%
India:
6.85%
Africa:
6.75%
Europe:
5.03%
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
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Hydro Resources: 7,78,038 MW or 20 % of total electric power
generation capacity.
Industrialized countries: 66%
Developing countries: 34%
China: 1,00,000 MW
USA: 77,350 MW
Canada: 71,978 MW
Brazil : 71,060 MW
Russia: 45,000 MW
Norway derives 90% of total power from hydro resources.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
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Nuclear Resources(2008): 439 plants, 371,989 MW
or 16 % of world’s electricity.
France produces 78% of total power from this.
EU around 30% of total electricity.
By 2050 AD FBR will be the main source of power
By 2500 AD , Nuclear Fusion will be main source of
power
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
1. Solar Energy: earth continuously intercepts
solar power of 178 billion MW, which is
10,000 times more than world’s demand.
2. Solar PV is expensive at present
3. Capital cost is Rs.20 crore/MW while that of
thermal plant is Rs.4 crore/MW
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
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Wind energy( 1.6 x 10 to the power 7 MW)
1.
Cheapest renewable energy source at present.
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Installation cost Rs.4 crore/MW
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World wide installation: 94,100 MW or 1 % of total
electricity generated.
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19% of total electricity in Denmark.
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Germany is the world leader: 22,247 MW
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
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Biomass energy
1.
Trees( wood, leaves and forest industry wastes)
2.
Cultivated plants grown for energy
3.
Algae and other vegetations from oceans and lakes
4.
Urban wastes ( municipal and industrial wastes)
5.
Rural wastes ( agricultural and animal wastes, crop
residues, etc )
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
 Geothermal energy( 2005) 8,932 MW electrical
power and 28,266 MW of direct thermal energy use.
 Growth 3% for electricity and 7.5% for thermal use
 Hawai produces 25 % total electricity from this
 Oldest plant at Lordarello in Italy(460 MW)
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
 Ocean tidal energy
The first and biggest plant at the mouth of La
Rance River in France ( 240 MW)
More predictable than solar and wind energy
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
 Ocean wave energy
-First and biggest plant is at Portugal (2250
MW)
-50 KW per meter of shoreline potential
- 50,000 MW potential
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
World energy status:
Availability of resources and future trends
Non-Conventional Sources
 Ocean thermal energy conversion
 Potential is more than that of tidal or wave
energy.
 Is in infant stage.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
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Per capita energy consumption in India is 702 KWH
while that of world average is 2600 KWH (2007)
Sector wise energy consumption
Industry
49%
Transport
22%
Residential
10%
Agriculture
5%
Others
14%
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Electrical Power generation(2008)
Thermal
Coal
76648 MW
Gas
14716 MW
Diesel
1199 MW
Nuclear
4120 MW
Hydro
36033 MW
Renewable
12194 MW
Total
1,44,910 MW
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52.8 %
10 %
0.8 %
2.8 %
24.8 %
8.4 %
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Conventional Sources
 Fossil fuel: 4th largest producer of coal.
 Recoverable coal: 90 billion tonnes ( 10% of world
reserve)
 0.6 % of oil & gas reserve
 Oil & gas account for 40 % of total energy
consumption
 35 % of oil is domestically produced.
 Crude oil reserve will last for 22 years at present rate
of consumption and natural gas will last 30 years.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Conventional Sources
 Hydro Resources
 potential capacity : 1,00,000 MW
 Developed capacity: 36,033 MW
 Seventh largest producer
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Conventional Sources
 Nuclear Resources
- 20,000 MW by 2020.
- stage1,2,3
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
- potential : 1,00,000 MW
- Share to become 10 % by 2012.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Wind energy
- Growth 35 % in last three years
- Fourth position in the world( after Germany,
USA and Spain)
- Current installation: 8,696 MW
- Target 10,000 MW by 2012
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Solar energy
-India receives 5,000 trillion KWH per year
solar energy.
- daily global radiation is around 5 KWH per
sq.m per day.
-Use for heating and direct generation of
electricity.
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Biomass energy
-Potential 16,881 MW from agro residues,
5,000 MW from bagasse through
cogeneration and 2700 MW from urban
wastes.
- Bio-diesel
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Small hydro resources( less than 25 MW)
- total potential : 15,000 MW
- Developed : 2,015 MW ( 611 plants)
- Mini: less than 1 MW
- Micro: less than 100 KW
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Geothermal Energy
- Potential : 10,000 MW
- 340 hot springs have been identified.
- 300 KW plant at Chattisgarh
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack
Energy Scenario in India
Non-Conventional Sources
 Ocean Tidal energy
- Potential : 9,000 MW
 Ocean wave and OTEC Resources
- A 150 KW pilot plant in operation near
Thiruvananthapuram.
- Potential : 0.02 MW/m of wavefront.
 Fuel Cell and Hydrogen energy
Chinmay Das,ABIT,Cuttack