Transcript Renewable energy & water UK experience good and bad Ecoweek 17/3/10 Brian Mark, Technical Director To help understand my view International consulting engineers  Founding member.

Renewable energy & water
UK experience good and bad
Ecoweek 17/3/10
Brian Mark, Technical Director
To help understand my view
International consulting engineers
 Founding member of UKGBC
 Steering groups of CSH, Zero Carbon
Hub, UKGBC/ZCH, Sustainable
Community Infrastructure Report
 Author of energy content of CABE
Sustainable Cities Web site, Eco-towns
design reviewer
 Member of Renewables Advisory Board
 Energy/sustainability strategists for nearly
100,000 future UK homes
 Learning to be planners as Energy has
entered the UK spatial planning system
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A HISTORY OF FULCRUM DESIGNS
Continued, controlled, innovation…..
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BUILDING REGULATIONS TRAJECTORY….
THE UK TIMETABLE TO ZERO CARBON
 Government’s timeline:
Dwellings: 2016
Education buildings: 2016
Government buildings: 2018
All other: 2019
 Zero Carbon taskforces: reinforcing the
need for step change
 Zero Carbon Hub: engaging industry
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SOME DRIVERS THAT CAN’T BE IGNORED BECAUSE
THEY ARE LINKED TO BINDING TARGETS
 The UK Climate Change Act - 80%
CO2 reduction by 2050
 The Renewables Obligation, the EU
2020 Directive – 15% renewable UK
energy by 2020 (<2% now) Greece?
 The Dec 2008 EU Waste Directive
(to become the 2010 UK Waste
Strategy) – Possibly tough reuse
targets, W2E only counting when
efficient (60% for existing, 65% for
new plant) THIS NEEDS CHP or
equivalent efficiency conversion,
what will Greece do?
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 PPS1 and the Planning and Climate
Change Supplement – Plan only for
sustainable development that
reduces climate change (mitigation)
and survives it when it happens
(adaptation). Combined with PPS22
in new consultation PPS from 8/3/10
Present responsibility for evidence
based local studies to identify
opportunities for additional
renewable energy and decentralised
energy generation strengthened
along with need to adapt Core
Strategy to maximise uptake
DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON CHANGES
WITH VIABILITY TESTS – EU EPBD2 MAY
IMPOSE THE SAME JOURNEY ON GREECE
CURRENT REQUIREMENTS
 Net carbon dioxide emissions resulting from
ALL energy used in the dwelling are zero or better
 Requires ALL renewable energy to be
generated on-site or delivered via Private Wire
PROPOSED REQUIREMENTS
 Hierarchical approach requiring:
 High-levels of energy efficiency (39 or 46 Kwh/m2)
 Mandatory level of on-site carbon mitigation
(including district heating) but Citiworks EU Judgement?
 “Allowable solutions” for dealing with the
remaining emissions
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NOT MANY URBAN
MICROGENERATION OPTIONS
 Solar Thermal
High UK £ /Kg CO2 saved because of complexity.
The simple Greek systems work very well
 Ground Source Cooling / Heating
On balance in the UK it’s a good idea. In Greece use
stored winter or dry period adiabatic cooling in summer
to allow heat pump efficiency to count towards 2020
 Wind Turbines
Not enough urban wind, Go large!!
 Photovoltaic Cells
Insufficient money without FiT or roof on high
density development - beware dust
Biomass/Waste
Central rather than small plant for better
audit/control of emissions, should it be for
transport anyway?
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What a 2016 2-bed flat would have needed
excluding wind if the UK definition of zero carbon
construction had not evolved beware EU EPBD2 !
 48 m2 polycrystalline PV panel or
 38 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate
solar thermal panel or
 30 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space
heating and hot water or
 26 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + ground source heat pump for space
heating only + 3m2 evacuated tube or 4m2 flat plate solar thermal panel or
 23 m2 polycrystalline PV panel + biomass boiler
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ENERGY HIERARCHY REQUIRED BY GLA
PLANNING SYSTEM FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT
ENERGY HIERARCHY APPROACH TO
OPTIMISE CO2 SAVING
Energy use and CO2 reductions to
be achieved through the waste
minimisation cost/benefit hierarchy
defined as:
 Demand reduction (Lean)
 Efficient provision of services
(Clean)
 Application of 20% renewable
energy (Green)
 Green roofs for adaptation response
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HOUSING SCENARIOS
Best fit solution depends on density
Independent
Independent Approach
Hybrid
Hub
Independent/ Community Approach
Energy
Centre
Community Approach
Energy
Centre
Biomass
Boiler
Ground Storage System
All buildings treated
separately – meeting CO2
targets via integrated
systems
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A hybrid approach with
energy centres and
standalone building
systems in combination
Buildings linked to energy
centres via community scale infrastructure
CONSULTATION: DEFINITION OF ZERO CARBON HOMES
AND NON DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
Allowable solutions
 Carbon compliance beyond the minimum
standards up to 100% of total energy
 Energy efficient appliances or advanced
controls systems
 Exporting LZC heat/cooling to existing
properties
 Section 106 Planning Obligations
 Retrofitting EE measures to existing stock
 Investment in LZC energy infrastructure (within
UK and with ‘benefits of ownership’ passed to
purchaser)
 Off-site renewable electricity via ‘direct physical
connection’
 Any other measures that Government might
announce as eligible i.e. CARBON FUNDS
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Hierarchical Approach
 Energy efficiency
 ‘Carbon compliance’
 ‘Allowable solutions’
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Past, present and future
 UK Renewables Obligation target
(20% in the grid by 2020) 5.6% now,
should have been about 9%
 For the EU 2020 RE Directive the
grid will need to be at least 30%
renewable, more if EU Biofuels
Directive rescinded!
 The UK now has to import gas i.e.
making our own future energy is a
strategic concern
 Built environment has a sector
delivery target driven through both
Building Regulations and Planning
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LOW CARBON ENERGY , COMBINED HEAT AND
POWER (CHP)
Local electricity generation that makes use of the waste heat
CHP Can also
generate cooling via
tri-generation
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SO WHAT TO DO? A POSSIBLE CLUE …
City scale CHP
… Copenhagen and virtually everywhere else in developed Europe/Scandinavia with
modern exemplary sustainable communities (Malmo, Freiburg etc)
 One of largest retrofitted communal
energy systems in the World
 Heating 50 million M2 of built area
 Connects four CHP plants, four
waste incinerators and more than 50
peak load boiler plants to more than
20 distribution companies in one
pool-operated system
 Total heat production of around
30,000 TJ.
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FOLLOW THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL :UK BIOENERGY CONTRIBUTION IN 2020
RE Strategy projection for 2020
RAB Projection for 2020
 238 TWh renewables
 250 TWh renewables
 111 TWh bioenergy (46%)
 126 TWh bioenergy (50%)
Electricity
Transport
Transport
Electricity
11%
20%
Offshore
wind
18%
Offshore
wind
19%
15%
Heat
14%
Onshore
wind
15%
6%
Other
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Other
19%
Heat
13%
22%
11%
13%
Onshore
wind
Other
4%
Other
FUEL TO MEET 2020 SUSTAINABLY:WASTE WHILE EU DERIVES STANDARDS
Data are the energy content
of the fuels
Waste wood
17%
4% Paper and card
 Requirement = 575 PJ
 UK biowaste = ~270 PJ
(32 million tonnes)
2% Garden / plant waste
53%
Imports
and
Energy Crops
8% Cereal straw
6%
Forestry residues,
sawmill wastes etc
3% Poultry manure
17 million tonnes
1%
Sewage sludge
5% Wet wastes
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Waste to Energy Technologies
 Incineration based- has to have good quality emissions under the EU Waste Incineration
Directive: no known health problem from compliant W2E plant
 Gasification- partial combustion at aprox 650oC with limited air availability to drive off
volatile gasses: difficult to control and can therefore be wasteful and innefficient
 Pyrolysis- heating in the absence of air at aprox 950oC can reform hydrocarbons (plastics)
or carbohydrates (biomass) into methane or hydrogen
 Lignocellulosic hydrolysis- an old technology known as 2nd generation biofuel production
capable of capturing waste heat and converting waste fibrous biomass into bioethanol for
transport use (1 tonne of waste fibre can be converted to 300L of bioethanol
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STRATEGY FOR BIOMASS IN THE UK
Maximum use of waste materials in the biomass
supply; AD, gasification and pyrolysis open new
uses for waste
Maximum use of indigenous biomass supply;
2nd and 3rd generation technologies, leading to
increased use in aviation biofuel, biocomposites
and renewable chemicals
RO banding Review, RHI, Revised RTFO
Energy from Waste Policy, Revised Planning
Guidance, RED sustainability implementation,
Biomass sustainability criteria, Bioenergy in
Transport Strategy, Fuel Quality accreditation
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Taken from DECC Presentation for the Renewables Advisory Board 25 January 2010
URBAN HEAT NETWORKS AND ATES
Many cities demonstrate simultaneous heat demand from
some buildings and heat excess in others
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AQUIFER THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE (ATES)
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Urban heat efficiency, don’t make climate change
even more dangerous
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Integrated Water and Waste Management
must consider:-
 Reduction of water consumption
 Re-use options, with different scales & issues
- Rainwater Harvesting
- Greywater Harvesting
 Groundwater abstraction
 Sewage treatment is organic waste treatment, use
anaerobic digestion for energy advantage before
converting to CO2 and cleaner water by composting
 Wet landscaping
 Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
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Reduction of water consumption
 In UK 165L/person now- future target of 125
 In UK Code for Sustainable Homes requires Levels 1&2 :125L, 3&4 :105L, 5&6 80L
 105L/person achievable with use minimisation techniques, 80L/person requires greywater
recycling or rainwater harvesting
 No government appetite for regional water use targets, Wales at 2.0 m/yr rainfall and low
development has the same target as London with 0.75 m/yr and major growth
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Greywater Recycling
 Indevidual recycling units require constant maintenance or filters block, unit reverts to
mains use and no water is saved
 Users often do not alert the need for maintenance as they prefer the “look” of non recycled
water
 Individual units use bromine for disinfection – is this good for municipal biological
treatment of waste water in the long term when we have only just worked out that chlorine
is bad?
 Needs spoil excavated and disposed of for the underground receiver tank, a new pipework
system, pumps, controls etc- is this good if lack of water is not a regional sustainability
concern?
 In Greece water stress is a much more prevailing issue than in the UK but a communal
non potable water supply would be a better answer, similarly indevidual rainwater storage
would suffer problems with water quality deterioration due to higher mean temperatures
during the low rainfall seasons and a centralised approach (as probably already exists)
may well be best
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Wet landscaping is the best Sustainable Urban Drainage
System (SUDS)
 Return the rivers to their original function, controlling flooding, enabling wetland
ecosystems, nutrient and fresh water recycling before rivers pollute and damage the sea-
Marine Dead Zones!!
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The End
Brian Mark, Technical Director
Mott MacDonald Fulcrum
[email protected]
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