Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions I. Nature of Chemical Reactions reactant – substance(s) that enters a reaction, on the left of a chemical equation product – substance(s)
Download
Report
Transcript Chapter 8 Chemical Reactions I. Nature of Chemical Reactions reactant – substance(s) that enters a reaction, on the left of a chemical equation product – substance(s)
Chapter 8
Chemical
Reactions
I. Nature of Chemical
Reactions
reactant – substance(s) that enters
a reaction, on the left of a chemical
equation
product – substance(s) produced by
a reaction, on the right of a
chemical equation
KI + Pb(NO3)2 ---> PbI2 + KNO3
Looking at the reaction here...
– What are the reactants?
– What are the products?
– …and the blast from the past….
What is wrong with it?
II. Balancing Chemical Equations
Chemical
reactions are described by
chemical equations which must be
balanced
A balanced equation has the same #
of atoms of each element on each
side of the arrow!
–C + O2 --> CO2
–2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
II. Balancing Chemical Equations
Matter
can neither be created nor
destroyed
We know that a chemical reaction
must have the same amount of
material after as it had before
because of the conservation of mass
Def – the observation that mass
remains constant in a chemical
reaction is known as the
conservation of mass
II. Balancing Chemical Equations
To balance a chemical equation:
– Do an atom count. Count each element’s atoms
on each side of the equation. WRITE THE
ELEMENTS IN THE SAME ORDER ON BOTH
SIDES!!!
– Check to see if it’s already balanced. If it is,
stop.
– If not, find the most complicated compound.
– Starting w/that compound, go element by
element through that side of the equation,
balancing each element by adding coefficients
(“playing tennis”).
– If an element is repeated more than once on
one side of an arrow, save it for last.
II. Balancing Chemical
Equations
Balance
the following:
Na + MgF2 -->
NaF + Mg
N + O2 -->
KCl + Pb(NO3)2 -->
NO2
KNO3 + PbCl2
II. Balancing Chemical
Equations
Balance
the following:
2Na + MgF2 --> 2NaF + Mg
N + O2 -->
2KCl + Pb(NO3)2 -->
NO2 BALANCED!!!
2KNO3 + PbCl2
Balance These!
Mg + HCl --> MgCl2 + H2
N2 + H2 --> NH3
H2O2 --> H2O + O2
Al + O2 --> Al2O3
HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H20
KClO3 --> KCl + O2
Al + NiBr2 --> AlBr3 + Ni
CaSO4 + AlBr3 --> CaBr2 + Al2(SO4)3
Mg
Balance These!
+ 2HCl --> MgCl2 + H2
N2 + 3H2 --> 2NH3
2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2
4Al + 3O2 --> 2Al2O3
HCl + NaOH --> NaCl + H20
2KClO3 --> 2KCl + 3O2
2Al + 3NiBr2 --> 2AlBr3 + 3Ni
3CaSO4 + 2AlBr3 --> 3CaBr2 + Al2(SO4)3
III. Types of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis
Reaction - 2 or more simple
substances coming together to form a
new, more complex one
–2Na + Cl2 ---> 2NaCl
–the Na and Cl came together to form
NaCl
–It’s kind of like two people getting
married
Britney Spears married K-Fed
III. Types of Chemical Reactions
Decomposition
reaction - complex
substance being broken down into 2 or
more simpler ones
–H2CO3 ---> H20 + CO2
–the complex H2CO3 broke up into the
simpler H20 and CO2
–It’s kind of like 2 people getting a
divorce
Britney
and K-Fed split up
III. Types of Chemical Reactions
Single-Replacement
Reaction - an
uncombined element replaces another
element in a compound
–2Na + 2H20 ---> 2NaOH + H2
–if you look, you’ll see that Na kicked
the H out of water to form NaOH--it
replaced it
– It’s kind of like when one person breaks
up with someone to go out with someone
else.
Brad Pitt left Jennifer Aniston for Angelina Jolie
III. Types of Chemical Reactions
Double-Replacement Reaction - different
atoms in 2 different compounds replace each
other
– 2KCl + Pb(NO3)2 ---> 2KNO3 + PbCl2
– the K and Pb each switched partners!
– the K had Cl, but it traded Cl for NO3
– the Pb had NO3, but it traded NO3 for Cl
– It’s kind of like if…
Jessica
Simpson & Nick Lachey and Britney
Spears & K-Fed decided that it would be better if
Jessica was with K-Fed and Britney was with Nick
Balance and Classify:
AlBr3 + Ni ---> Al + NiBr2
Al + O2 ---> Al2O3
KCl + O2 ---> KClO3
NaCl + H20 ---> HCl + NaOH
(NH4)2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 ---> BaSO4 + NH4NO3
MgCl2 + H2 ---> Mg + HCl
H2 + O2 ---> H20
NaCl ---> Na + Cl2
CaCl2 + F2 ---> CaF2 + Cl2
AgCl + KNO3 ---> AgNO3 + KCl
Balance and Classify:
2AlBr3 + 3Ni ---> 2Al + 3NiBr2
4Al + 3O2 ---> 2Al2O3
2KCl + 3O2 ---> 2KClO3
NaCl + H20 ---> HCl + NaOH
(NH4)2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 ---> BaSO4 + 2NH4NO3
MgCl2 + H2 ---> Mg + 2HCl
2H2 + O2 ---> 2H20
2NaCl ---> 2Na + Cl2
CaCl2 + F2 ---> CaF2 + Cl2
AgCl + KNO3 ---> AgNO3 + KCl
IV. Energy of Chemical Reactions
Exothermic Reactions - reactionsExothermic
that
or
release energy
Endothermic?
– reactants have more energy than
products
– the energy released is often heat
– CH4 + 2O2 ---> CO2 + 2H20 + energy
Endothermic Reactions - reactions in
which energy is absorbed
– products have more energy than
reactants
– 2NaCl + energy ---> 2Na + Cl2
IV. Energy of Chemical
Reactions
Activation Energy - energy required to
“jump start” a reaction, it’s the hill on
an energy diagram
Classify these as Exothermic or
Endothermic
energy is released
reactants have more energy than
the products
energy is a reactant
an explosion
the reaction’s beaker cools
products have more energy than
the reactants
reactants have less energy than the
products
V. Rates of Chemical Reactions
Reaction
rate - how quickly
reactants turn to products
Collision
theory - molecules react
when they collide (like bumper
cars!)
V. Rates of Chemical Reactions
to make a reaction go faster, cause more
collisions!
– increase the concentration - the more
molecules there are, the more collisions
there are
– increase the surface area - if you powder
the reactants, then there are more
molecules exposed on the surface rather
than trapped inside a lump
– increase the temp. - causes molecules to
move faster, thus there are more collisions
– add a catalyst - a catalyst is a chemical that
lowers the activation energy (the hill on the
energy diagram)
rxn rate
rxn rate
Fill in these graphs!
particle size
rxn rate
rxn rate
concentration
temperature
am’t of catalyst
rxn rate
rxn rate
Fill in these graphs!
particle size
rxn rate
rxn rate
concentration
temperature
am’t of catalyst
rxn rate
rxn rate
Fill in these graphs!
particle size
rxn rate
rxn rate
concentration
temperature
am’t of catalyst
rxn rate
rxn rate
Fill in these graphs!
particle size
rxn rate
rxn rate
concentration
temperature
am’t of catalyst
rxn rate
rxn rate
Fill in these graphs!
particle size
rxn rate
rxn rate
concentration
temperature
am’t of catalyst