Transcript ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PERIOD 1990 TO 2005 ANALYSIS AND CONSEQUENCES Dr.

ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PERIOD 1990 TO 2005
ANALYSIS AND CONSEQUENCES
Dr. sc. Goran Granić et al
Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
ENERGY SECTOR IN THE PERIOD 1990 TO 2005
ANALYSIS AND CONSEQUENCES
CONTENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
GEO-DIVISION OF THE WORLD (FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER)
WORLD POPULATION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ENERGY DEMAND
ENERGY PRODUCTION
RESERVES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
PRICES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION SECTORS
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, REFORMS, PRIVATIZATION AND MARKET OPENING
ENERGY TRANSPORTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
OBSERVATIONS
1. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
EUROPE:
BREAKDOWN OF USSR, YUGOSLAVIA, CZECOSLOVAKIA, FALL
OF COMMUNIST SYSTEM WAR IN CROATIA, BOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINA, KOSOVO AND RUSSIA (CHECHNIA)
DEMOCRATIC AND ECONOMIC TRANSITION OF EAST
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES EUROPEAN UNION ENLARGEMENT
MIDDLE EAST
WAR IN KUWAIT
TALIBAN REGIME IN AFGANISTAN OVERTHROWN
SADDAM HUSSEIN IN IRAQ OVERTHROWN
SOUTH AMERICA
POLITICAL INSTABILITY OF SOME COUNTRIES
USA
TERRORIST ATTACK 11 SEPTEMBER 2001
AFRICA
LOCAL WARS AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN A LARGE NUMBER
OF COUNTRIES
CRIMES IN RWANDA
1. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
CHINA
POLITICAL CHANGES PAVED THE WAY TO MARKETORIENTED ECONOMY RETURN OF HON KONG
ISRAEL AND PALESTINE
CONTINUITY OF CONFLICT AND MILITARY ACTIONS
GLOBAL PROBLEM
TERRORISM POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND WAR
ACTIVITIES IN THE ENERGY PRODUCTION AREAS
CROATIAN INDEPENDENCE, TRANSITION AND START OF THE EU FULL MEMBERSHIP
NEGOTIATIONS
2. GEO - DIVISION OF THE WORLD
o
OECD N. America - Canada, Mexicoand USA
o
OECD Pacific - Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand
o
OECD Europe - Austria, Belgium, Czech R., Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Island, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom
o
Non-OECD Europe - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulagaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Gibraltar,
FYROM, Malta, Roumenia, Serbia and Montenegro and Slovenia
o
Former USSR - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirghisia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan
o
Middle East - Bahrein, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen
o
Latin America – countries of Central and South America excl. Mexico
o
Other Asia – Asian countries excl. China, India, Japan and Korea
o
Africa – all African countries
3. WORLD POPULATION (million)
4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4.1. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (PKM - 109 2000 US$)
4. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
4.2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT PER CAPITA (PKM)
5. ENERGY DEMAND
5.1. TOTAL WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION (106 TOE)
5. ENERGY DEMAND
5.2. REGIONS IN TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
5. ENERGY DEMAND
5.3. TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA (106 TOE)
5. ENERGY DEMAND
5.4. TOTAL WORLD CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY FORMS
(106 TOE)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.1. WORLD PRODUCTION OF PRIMARY ENERGY (106 TOE)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.2. PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION PER CAPUTA (kgen/capita)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.3. STRUCTURE OF WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (TWh)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.4. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY REGIONS (TWh)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION PER CAPITA (kWh/capita)
6. ENERGY PRODUCTION
6.6. PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION INCREASE (106 TOE)
7. RESERVES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
7.1. CRUDE OIL RESERVES (BILLION OF BARRELS)
1.200
1.000
1.100,0
952,9
957,7
956,5
968,5
980,3
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1.026,8
1.024,3
1.042,2
1997
1998
1999
1.023,9
1.026,3
1.039,9
1.046,6
2000
2001
2002
2003
800
600
400
200
0
First 20
World total
2004
Source: ENI, World Oil
and Gas Review
7. RESERVES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
7.2. NATURAL GAS RESERVES (BILLION m3)
200.000
180.000
160.000
140.000
145.957
146.194
147.652
149.396
152.244
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
153.253
156.112
159.354
1998
1999
2000
177.822
180.606
180.176
2002
2003
2004
164.321
134.981
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0
1992
First 20
2001
World total
Source: ENI, World Oil
and Gas Review
7. RESERVES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
7.3. RESERVES OF HYDRATES
Arctic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Discovered reserves of
hydrates in land and sea
Corroborated reserves 20 x 1015 m3
1 m3 hydrate = 164 m3 natural gas
8. PRICES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
8.1. CRUDE OIL
Source: IEA, Key World
Energy Statistics 2005
8. PRICES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
8.2. NATURAL GAS
Source: IEA, Key World
Energy Statistics 2005
8. PRICES OF PRIMARY ENERGY FORMS
8.3. COAL
Source: IEA, Key World
Energy Statistics 2005
9. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9.1. LARGE POWER PLANTS
HYDRO POWER PLANTS:


Utility degree improvement
Significant growth in Central and South America
COAL- FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS:
 Utility degree improvement and installed capacity increase
 Efficient SO2 removal and pilot project of CO2 emission mitigation
 Significant capacity growth especially in China and India
GAS - FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANTS:
 Utility degree improvement
 Significant capacity increase
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS:
 Extended lifetime (60 years=, unit capacity increase, evolutinary improvements, dramatic
changes in design and configuration of the existing technologies, several initiatives in new
reactor development (GIF, INPRO, ITER)
9. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9.1.1. COAL - AND GAS - FIRED THERMAL POWER UNITS
250
Capacity increase in thermal power units in 1990-2003 period, %
200
150
100
50
0
Croatia
-50
Western
Europe
Eastern
Europe
and
ex-SSSR
China
India
Japan
Other
Asia &
Oceania
Middle
East
North Central
America & South
Amerika
Africa
World
total
Source: Energy Information Administration
9. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9.1.2. NUCLEAR ENERGY – CAPACITY STATUS

400
Most of nuclear capacities are installed in
Western Europe and North America
Africa
GW
South and Central America
Other Asia, Middle East nd Oceania
Other Asia
India
Japan
China
300

Japan
Eastern Europe and ex-USSR
Between 1990 and 2003 only Japan had a
significant growth in nuclear capacities
East Europe + ex-USSR
North America
Western Europe
200
N. America
100
1000
1990 nuclear
GW
W. Europe
1990 total
800
2003 total
2003 nuclear
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
600
After 1990 there is noticeable stagnation in installed
NP capacity growth
In future most of new nuclear capacities expected in
China as to meet the strong electricity demand
Growth
400
200
0
Western
Europe
Eastern
Europe and
Ex-USSR
China
India
Japan
Other Asia
North
and Australia America
South and i
Central
America
Africa
Source: EIA Energy Information Administration (EIA)
9. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9.2. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
WIND


Unit capacity increase and investment costs reduction
High growth of construction
BIOMASS
 Application in electricity production, heat production and transportation
 Technological progress realized
SUN


Increase in collector installation by annual rate of 13%, and solar cells by 27%
Dominant silicium-based technology (93.7%),
GEOTHERMAL ENERGIES
 Capacity growth of 44%, electricity generation growth of 48%; thernal capacities growth of
76%, and heat production growth of 70% in previous period
SMALL HYDRO POWER PLANTS
HYDRO POWER PLANTS
 Permanent generation growth
 Small steps forward in technological development
9. CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
9.2.1. WIND – PRICE GROWTH TENDENCY
EWEA target: 75000 MW in Europe by 2010
€c/kWh
10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Significant progress in energy efficiency improvements in:

Changing attitude towards energy efficiency in legal sense, government measures,
technological improvements, and awareness-raising and education of expert and general
public

Utility degree increase in energy generation and transformation

Increased use of cogenration

Reduction of losses in transportation and distribution

Energy efficiency improvements in technological processes

Energy efficiency improvements in consumers: coolers, chillers, and their combinations,
laundry washers and dryers, dish washers, electric stoves, light sources,
and air-conditioning equipment

Increased insulation quality and production of new materials in construction industry
11. NEW TECHNOLOGIES
HYDROGEN
Major lines of development of hydrogen production





Fosil fuels – reforming natural gas, coal carburation, incomplete oil derivative oxidation
Water electrolysis by use of RES – solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, hydro, geothermal energy, etc.
Thermal chemical production – water decomposition in chemical reactins with heat
Nuclear energy – water electrolysis and decomposition
Biosystems – biomass carburation, algae biophotolysis
Problems of hydrogen storage



Gaseous hydrogen –- composite and other reservoirs
Liquified hydrogen – criogens, absorbent solutions, organic
liquifactions
Solid materials –- carbon and hydrides, able to absorb hydrogen
Main areas of hydrogen use


Hydrogen combustion: internal-combustion engines - transport; gas turbines –- aircraft transport,
combined energy plants
Fuel cells; decentralized electricity and heat generation, transport and others (develpent of hightemperature – decentralized CHP, low-temperature – for vehicles and small CHP)
12. CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION SECTORS
12.1. TRANSPORT
Freight transport - EU 15
100
90
6,8
10,9
7,1
8,8
80
70
5,0
7,6
5,5
7,5
5,3
7,4
4,8
7,2
4,8
7,0
4,6
6,9
18,1
16,4
14,4
14,0
13,4
12,9
24,1
30,1
River transport
50
Railways
40
30
52,1
60,0
69,3
70,6
72,9
74,0
74,7
75,5
1990
1991
1995
2000
2001
2002
Road transprot
20
10
0
1970
1980
Freight transport - USA
100
90
23,4
25,0
24,2
21,6
12,3
12,0
13,1
80
Share of road transport is increasing, while
share of railway and pipeline transport is
decreasing. Railway transport is stable.
70
12,8
17,8
16,6
16,6
10,4
10,4
10,0
41,3
42,2
43,1
Pipelines
60
(%)
(%)
Share of road transport is increasing,
while share if railway and river
transport is decreasing – constant
trend
Pipelines
60
50
40
41,5
39,1
37,6
38,2
Railways
Road transport
30
20
Source: Directorate-General for Energy
and Transport, European Commission,
"EU Energy and Transport in Figures 2004"
10
River transport
22,4
23,6
26,2
27,2
30,5
30,9
30,3
1970
1980
1985
1990
1999
2000
2001
0
12. CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION SECTORS
12.1. TRANSPORT
1,6
2,5
100
1,6
90
80
10,4
12,7
1,2
4,0
1,0
4,1
1,1
4,6
0,9
5,5
0,9
5,9
5,7
5,9
1,0
1,0
1,0
8,4
6,7
6,8
6,3
6,2
6,3
6,3
6,2
11,8
9,3
9,2
8,7
8,4
8,3
8,3
8,3
Passenger transport
- EU15
70
Railway transport
decreasing while airways
transport is increasing.
50
Airways
40
73,8
76,1
79,0
78,9
79,5
78,8
78,5
78,5
78,8
Trams and metro
Railways
30
Buses
Pasenger cars
20
10
0
1970
1980
1990
1991
1995
100
1999
5,4
2000
0,5
7,7
0,5
90
2,3
Share of road and railway
transport is decearsing and
share of airway transport is
increasing.
80
2001
2002
9,1
0,3
9,5
0,4
0,4
3,2
2,4
3,0
0,4
0,3
0,3
10,9
3,5
0,3
0,3
11,2
3,4
0,3
0,3
10,6
3,1
60
50
Airways
91,3
89,1
87,2
86,6
40
85,0
84,7
85,7
Trams and metro
Railways
Buses
30
Source: Directorate-General for Energy
and Transport, European Commission,
"EU Energy and Transport in Figures 2004"
0,3
0,3
Passenger transport
- SAD
70
(%)
(%)
60
Passenger cars
20
10
0
1970
1980
1985
1990
1999
2000
2001
12. CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION SECTORS
12.1. TRANSPORT
CHANGING REGULATION ON THERMAL PROTECTION IN CROATIA FROM 1970 UNTIL NOW
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT AND HEAT NEEDS
2
IN BUILDINGS
Specific energy demand in kWh/m
1970 – Rules on technical measures and
requirements for thermal protection of buildings
– Official Bulletin of SFRY SFRJ 35/70 – 3
climate zones.
1980 – new requirements in thermal protection
of buildings.
New, stricter, and amended version of these
norms adopted in 1987 and is still in force
today as HRN U.J.5.600, HRN U.J5.510, HRN
U.J5.520, HRN U.J5.530.
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Electricity in households
Electricity for ventilation
Hot water for consume
Heating
12. CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION SECTORS
12.2. DWELLINGS
o
Currently 83% of buildings in Croatia has unsatisfactory thermal protection in relation to the
European standards and more than 50% of buildings was built without any thernal protection
New technical requirements on heat energy savings and thermal protection in buildings – first
step in harmonization with Directive 2002/91/EC – needed heat certificate for buildings (as from
01 July 2006 in Croatia)
o
17%
350000
300000
Number of
inhabited
apartments
by
year of
construction
250000
200000
150000
100000
83%
Unsatisfactory thermal protection
50000
0
before 1919 1919.1945.
1946.1960
19611970.
1971.1980
1981.1990
19911995
from 1996
data
incomplete
not available apartments
Thermal protection in compliance with
requirements from 1987
13. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, REFORMS, PRIVATIZATION AND
MARKET OPENING
GAS BEFORE 1990
MONOPOLY:
NATIONAL OR SUPPLY AREAS
COMPETITION:
NON EXISTING IN NATIONAL MARKET SUPPLY
NATIONAL MARKETS:
TRADING BETWEEN GAS COMPANIES
REGULATION:
REGULATOR IS GOVERNMENT THERE IS NOT
INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY
OWNERSHIP:
IN PRINCIPLE STATE-OWNERSHIP PREVAILS
CUSTOMERS:
CANNOT CHOOSE SUPPLIER
13. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, REFORMS, PRIVATIZATION AND
MARKET OPENING
GAS UNTIL 2005
RESTRUCTURING:
UNBUNDLING MARKET-ORIENTED AND MONOPOLY
ACTVITIES UNBUNDLING TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION
FROM PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY ESTABLISHING
TRANSPORT NETWORK OPERATOR ESTABLISHING
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OPERATOR (OR COMBINED
OPERATOR) STORAGE AS SEPARATE ACTIVITY
COMPETITION:
NATIONAL MARKETS:
REGULATION:
OWNERSHIP:
IN PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY
MULTINATIONAL DIMENSION OF MARKET
INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY
PRIVATIZATION, MULTINATIONAL DIMESION, TAKE – OVER
OF SMALLER COMPANIES
POSSIBILITY TO CHOOSE SUPPLIER
CUSTOMERS:
13. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, REFORMS, PRIVATIZATION AND
MARKET OPENING
ELECTRICITY BEFORE 1990
MONOPOLY:
NATIONAL
COMPETITION :
NONE COMPETITION IN SUPPLY
NATONAL MARKETS:
TRADING BETWEEN ELECTRIC POWER UNDERTAKINGS
REGULATION:
REGULATOR IS GOVERNMENT, THERE IS NOT
INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY
OWNERSHIP :
STATE OWNERSHIP PREVAILS
CUSTOMERS :
CANNOT CHOOSE SUPPLIER
13. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES, REFORMS, PRIVATIZATION AND
MARKET OPENING
ELECTRICITY UNTIL 2005
RESTRUCTURING:
UNBUNDLING MARKET-ORIENTED AND MONOPOLY
ACTVITIES UNBUNDLING TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION FROM GENERATION AND SUPPLY
ESTABLISHING TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATOR
ESTABLISHING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM OPERATOR
ESTABLISHING ELECTRICITY MARKET OPERATOR
COMPETITION:
IN GENERATION AND SUPPLY
NATIONAL MARKETS:
MULTINATIONAL DIMENSION OF MARKET
REGULATIONA:
INDEPENDENT AUTHORITY
OWNERSHIP:
PRIVATIZATION, MULTINATIONAL DIMENSION, TAKE - OVER
OF SMALLER COMPANIES
CUSTOMERS:
POSSIBILITY TO CHOOOSE SUPPLIER
14. ENERGY TRANSPORT
14.1.OIL PIPELINES
Existing pipelines
Pipelines under consideration /
construction/ extenstion
Product pipelines
Proposed priority routes
Of European interest
14. ENERGY TRANSPORT
14.2. ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF UCPTE COUNTRY MEMBERS
14. ENERGY TRANSPORT
14.3. EXPORT OF NATURAL GAS (billon m3)
Export of natural gas (bill m3 )
Gas
pipelines
600
548,4
570,6
518,8
473,8
500
398,4
402,1
384,0
405,7
431,9
419,4
434,5
124,4
137,2
143,3
150,6
114,0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
400
300
LNG
200
80,9
83,2
88,3
92,7
100,3
111,1
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
100
0
Export (LNG)
Export (via gas pipelines)
Izvor: ENI, World Oil and
Gas Review
Slight but constant rise of exports in relation to production, both through gas
pipelines or through LNG.
14. ENERGY TRANSPORT
14.4. GAS NETWORK PRIORITY PROJECTS
Source: Trans European Network
14. ENERGY TRANSPORT
14.5. POTENTIAL GAS PIPELINES’ CAPACITIES, bill m3
15. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
o
Source : UNFCCC: FCC/CP/2004/5
Energy sector:
‐
Air emissions,
‐
Soil pollution,
‐
Water pollution,
‐
Waste (incl. nuclear)
o
As of 1990 noticed is general trend of air
emissions reduction (6.3% under Annex I
UNFCCC countries)
o
Transitional economies accomplished
noticeable reductions (by 40%) due to
economic activity setback
o
Significant influence of measures set out
by conventions - UN FCCC and Kyoto
protokol – on economies (espec.
transitional countries)
15. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
FUTURE ACTIVITIES
o
•
•
•
•
o
o
o
Transport systems efficiency improvement:
Leakage of energy products from from pipelines, gas pipelines and other network
systems,
Increased system efficiency but there is multiple increase in transported quantities of
energy products,
Pressures due to increased volumes of energy products transport by tankers,
Energy related incidents in road transport.
Energy sector waste management, especially nuclear waste
Greenhouse gas emission mitigation:
•
UN FCCC and Kyoto Protocol implementing mechanisms :
•
Emissions reduction,
•
Emission tradings,
•
Projects in the framework of Joint Implementation...
•
reducing emission of other pollutants, with and without greenhouse effects, from the
energy sector,
•
energy efficiency.
Finding modalities of financing measures for reducing pollution from the energy sector.
16. OBSERVATIONS / 1

Political changes in the past 15 years had significant impact on energy consumption (former
communist countries in Europe, USSR, China, etc.)

Wars and crises in most cases related to energy producing countries

Population growth took place only in China, India, other part of Asia and Africa, i.e., in less
developed part of the world

Economic growth (increse in GDP) in absolute terms is higher in undeveloped world than in the
developed one, but the gap is still wide

A larger portion of energy consumption was realized in undeveloped countries (55%), regardless
of the fact that 2 billion people in the world do not have access to modern forms of energy

Energy intensity is improving

Regardless of increased use of renewables, oil and gas made up more than 50% of the energy
consumption growth

In electricity consumption China had the higest rise; and less developed countries in absolute
terms had increased electricty consumption more than developed ones.
16. OBSERVATIONS / 2

In energy production the deficit in developed countries inceases, because primary energy forms
production growth has been realized in undeveloped countries.

The higest growth in electricty production was realized in coal, gas-fired thermal power units and
nuclear units, by most in China.

Crude oil and gas reserves in the past period grew faster than production.

In oil prices it is essential to point out the period of unrealistically low prices 98/99 and the period
of high prices 2004/2005. Demand growth in China and other undeveloped countries is the real
reason of price increase but its dominant dimension is in political and economic speculations.

Gas prices were in line with crude oil prices, only the most restictive factor are poorly developed
transport network

Coal prices have been relatively more stable except for the period 2004/2005 when demand grew,
mostly in China.
16. OBSERVATIONS / 3

The past 15 years was the period of application of known technologies minimally improved to
meet energy efficiency and environemantal impact requirements

The focus is increasinlgy on energy efficiecy and renewable energy sources

The characteristic of the past 15 years is the opening of electricity and gas markets, legal
regulation of the market, restructuration and privatization

Barriers to market development, transport and domination of short term over long term objectives

Transport sector significantly grows without arrangements which could vitaly affect the structure of
energy consumption structure

Realistic possibilities of energy efficiency improvements in building sector
16. OBSERVATIONS / 4
On the basis of the past 15 years the next 15-year developments can be foreseen:





Introduction of new technologies with more dramatic imapct on structural changes in energy
supply and demand is not expected
Continuation of economic growth and energy demand growth in undeveloped countries is
expected.
Continuation of political insecurity around the energy producing countries is expected
Further pressures on prices of primary energy forms is expected
More significant gvernmental involvement is expected with a view of energy effciency
improvements and use renewables
Desirable and crucial would be a decision by international community and governments to forge a
coalition for technological development in energy sector and investments in technology.
More investments in research and development of primary energy forms production and in transprot
network construction for network fuels would enhance security of supply.
16. OBSERVATIONS / 5
CONCEPT OF WEC EUROPE REGIONAL SCENARIOS TO 2050