Transcript מצגת זו אינה כוללת את כתבי היד היהודיים שבספרייה הבריטית . להם הקדשנו שתי מצגות נפרדות . The Sir John Ritblat Gallery in the Library's.

‫מצגת זו אינה כוללת את כתבי היד היהודיים‬
‫שבספרייה הבריטית‪.‬‬
‫להם הקדשנו שתי מצגות נפרדות‪.‬‬
The Sir John Ritblat Gallery in the Library's St Pancras building
hosts a permanent display of the British Library’s greatest
treasures. Over 200 beautiful and fascinating items:
sacred texts from many faiths, maps and views, early printing,
literary, historical, scientific and musical works
from over the centuries and around the world .
:‫באולם התצוגה של אוצרות הספרייה הלאומית הבריטית‬
‫ כתבי יד של מלחינים‬,‫כתבי יד עתיקים מהעולם בשפות שונות‬
...‫ ביניהם תנ"ך גוטנברג על קלף ועל נייר‬,‫והספרים הראשונים שהודפסו‬
The term ‘manuscript’ comes from the Latin for ‘handwritten’:
before the invention of printing all books had to be written out by
hand. This was a time-consuming and labour-intensive process, and
could take months or years. Although paper was available in
southern Europe from the twelfth century, its use did not become
widespread until the late Middle Ages - there was no paper mill in
England until the fifteenth century. Before this the usual support for
writing was parchment (also known as vellum), made from
stretched, treated animal skins. A large manuscript might require
one whole cow- or sheep-skin to make a folded sheet of two to four
pages, and a thick book could require the hides of entire herds.
Medieval books were therefore expensive items.
Gandharan Scrolls
These scroll fragments, from an extraordinary collection of birch bark
writings from ancient Gandhara in present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan,
may represent the oldest surviving Buddhist texts (and also the oldest
South Asian manuscripts) ever discovered.
3rd-century Gospel of Thomas
Unearthed in the rubbish tips of the ancient Egyptian city of
Oxyrhynchus, south of Cairo, this fragment from a papyrus roll is
over 1600 years old. It contains a Gospel not found in the
standard Bible: that of Thomas, whose account of the life of Jesus
is as interesting for what it leaves out as for what it includes.
Some manuscripts were made even more precious by ‘illumination’.
This term comes from the Latin word for ‘lit up’ or ‘enlightened’ and
refers to the use of bright colours and gold to embellish initial letters or
to portray entire scenes. Sometimes the initials were purely decorative,
but often they work with the text to mark important passages, or to
enhance or comment on the meaning of the text.
The British Library has one of the finest collections of illuminated
manuscripts in the world, rivalled by very few other institutions.
This tour will give you a quick introduction
both to some of the Library’s treasures
and to the history of manuscript illumination in the West.
Codex Sinaiticus
espite its rather austere appearance, the Codex Sinaiticus is a treasure beyond
rice. Produced in the middle of the fourth century, the Codex is one of the two
arliest Christian Bibles. (The other is the Codex Vaticanus in Rome.) Within its
autifully handwritten Greek text are the earliest surviving copy of the complete
w Testament and the earliest and best copies of some of the Jewish scriptures,
in the form that they were adopted by the Christian Church.
As one of the earliest luxury codices to survive in large part,
e Codex forms one of the most important landmarks in the history of the book
‫קודקס ) ‪ (Codex‬פירושו ספר‪ .‬משמעותה המקורית של המילה ‪:‬‬
‫"גזע עץ "שכן לוחות עץ שימשו הבסיס עליו כתבו שעה שלא‬
‫הכירו את שולחן הכתיבה‪.‬‬
‫מִ צְחָ ף או קודקס בעברית הוא כינוי שניתן לספרים‬
‫שנכתבו שלא בתבנית מגילה אלא בתבנית דפים הבאים זה על‬
‫זה‪ ,‬בדומה לספר הנהוג בימינו‪ .‬הכינוי נכון לכל סוגי המצעים‬
‫לספרים ‪:‬עור וגוויל ‪,‬קלף ופפירוס‪.‬‬
‫עד המאה השלישית לספירה כתבו ספרים בתבנית של מגילה‬
‫נגללת דוגמת ספרי התורה הנוהגת עד היום ‪ .‬מכאן הכינוי‬
‫מגילות לספרים הנפרדים‪ .‬מכאן גם הכינוי "בית עקד הספרים"‬
‫שכן ספרי המגילות היו נעקדים (נקשרים) ברצועות עור כדי‬
‫שהמגילות לא תפתחנה מעצמן‪.‬‬
‫החל מהמאה השנייה לספירה החל מעבר איטי ממגילה‬
‫לקודקס בספרות היוונית והרומאית‪,‬‬
‫מעבר שהפך דומיננטי במאה הרביעית‪ ,‬חמישית‪.‬‬
‫לאחר המאה השלישית הופיעו המצחפים הראשונים‪ ,‬בתבנית‬
‫כתבי היד העשויים דפים כספר‪ .‬המילה מצחף מוכרת מתקופת‬
‫הגאונים שורשה מן הערבית )مصحف)‪ ,‬ואפשר שמקורה בצפחה‬
‫רוצה לומר שכבה דקה‪ .‬בתחילה נכתבו המצחפים על גבי‬
‫פפירוסים‪ ,‬ועם הזמן נכתבו גם על קלף ועור‪ .‬גם כתבי היד‬
‫החשובים של התנ"ך ‪,‬כגון כתר ארם צובא ‪,‬בנויים כמצחפים‪.‬‬
Syriac Bible
Signed and dated 463-4 by its scribe, a bishop called John, this
important early copy of the first five books of the Bible is in Syriac, a
dialect of Eastern Aramaic (Aramaic being the language spoken by
Jesus). It comes from an area now in Syria, Iraq and Turkey.
Canon tables, in Greek
The Golden Canon Tables,
Constantinople ? 6th or 7th century.
Lindisfarne Gospels
This legacy of an artist monk
living in North umbria in the
early eighth century is a
precious testament to the
tenacity of Christian belief
during one of the most
turbulent periods of British
history. Costly in time and
materials, superb in design,
the manuscript is among our
greatest artistic and religious
treasures. It was made and
used at Lindisfarne Priory on
Holy Island, a major religious
community that housed the
shrine of St Cuthbert, who
died in 687.
The Gospel Book, or Book of the
Gospels )Greek: Εὐαγγέλιον,
Evangélion) is a codex or bound
volume containing one or more
of the four Gospels of the
Christian New Testament. It
contains the full text in normal
sequence, thus differing from
an Evangeliary, which only has
those portions of the Gospels
used in the Mass and other
services.
Eighth-century Qur'an
The Ma'il Qur'an is one of the
very earliest Qur'ans in the
world, dating back to the eighth
century. Not only that, but it
also probably hails from the
Hijaz region of Arabia – a region
which contains the holy places
of Mecca and Medina, homes of
the Prophet Muhammad.
Kufic Qur'an
Early Qur'ans are important as evidence of the development
of the written recording of Islam's holy book. This copy of the
Qur'an in Arabic, probably from the ninth century, is copied
on to vellum and uses an early script called kufic.
Adam and Eve
The creation of Adam and Eve.
God gives Eve to Adam, and warns
of the Tree of Knowledge. Adam
and Eve eat from the Tree of
Knowledge; God confronts them.
The Expulsion from the idealized
landscape of Eden to labour on
thorny soil; Adam digs, while Eve
suckles child
Image taken from MoutierGrandval Bible.
Originally published/produced in
Tours [St Martin]; circa 834-843.
Diamond Sutra
Hidden for centuries in a sealed-up cave in north-west China, this copy of the
‘Diamond Sutra’ is the world’s earliest complete survival of a dated printed
book. It was made in 868. Seven strips of yellow-stained paper were printed
from carved wooden blocks and pasted together to form a scroll over 5m
long. Though written in Chinese, the text is one of the most important sacred
works of the Buddhist faith, which was founded in India.
Ashem Vohu
This ninth- or 10th-century Sogdian manuscript from Dunhuang, China,
contains a version of one of the holiest Zoroastrian prayers: the Ashem Vohu,
composed originally in the Avestan (old Iranian) language.
New Testament from 10th-century Constantinople
In this impressive New Testament - perhaps the most beautiful example
in Greek in the British Library - a picture shows the Evangelist St Luke at
his desk, his writing implements ready to hand. It serves as the
frontispiece to the Gospel of St Luke. The manuscript was made at a high
point in the history of the capital of Eastern Christendom, and
demonstrates the unbroken tradition of the use of Greek as the literate
language of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Aratus of Soli: “Phaenomena”
The Constellation Cetus, the sea monster from which Perseus rescued Andromeda
An astronomical work written at Fleury in France but probably illuminated by an
English artist, showing links between England and the Continent in the tenth century.
Benedictional
of St Aethelwold
This manuscript, which was
made for the personal use of
Aethelwold, bishop of
Winchester from 963 to 984,
one of the leaders of the late
10th-century monastic
revival in England, is an
outstanding masterpiece of
Anglo-Saxon book painting.
Benedictional of St Aethelwold:
Entry into Jerusalem. Winchester, c.970-980
Building of the Tower of Babel
Genesis 11, 5. God descends, by
means of a ladder, to witness the
building of the Tower of Babel
Image taken from Old English
Illustrated Hexateuch.
Originally published/produced in
England [Canterbury]; second
quarter of 11th century.
Old English Hexateuch
As the earliest copy in English of part
of the Old Testament and with over
400 illustrations, this manuscript is
both remarkable and unique. The
collaboration of a team of translators,
scribes and an artist over many years,
it is a vivid example of the demand for
sacred texts in 11th-century England
that were accessible to everyday
people, who wanted a Bible presented
in a way they could understand.
Adam naming the animals
The Hexateuch ("six scrolls") is the first six books of the Hebrew Bible (the
Torah or Pentateuch and the book of Joshua). Some scholars propose that
Joshua represents part of the northern Yahwist source (c 950 BC), detached
from JE document by the Deuteronomist (c 650-621) and incorporated into
the Deuteronomic history, with the books of Judges, Kings, and Samuel.
Reasons for this unity, in addition to the presumed presence of the other
documentary traditions, are taken from comparisons of the thematic
concerns that underlie the narrative surface of the texts. For instance, the
Book of Joshua stresses the continuity of leadership from Moses to Joshua.
Furthermore the theme of Joshua, the fulfillment of God's promise to lead the
Israelites to the Promised Land, complements the thematic material of the
Pentateuch, which had ended with the Israelites on the border of the
Promised Land ready to enter.
The theory that Joshua completes the Torah in a 'Hexateuch' is advanced by
critical scholars in the new field of "history of traditions", but the majority of
traditional scholars follow the older rabbinic tradition, as it was expressed by
the compilers of the Jewish Encyclopedia a century ago, that the Pentateuch
is a complete work in itself.
Joseph and his brothers
Genesis 43, 15-24. Above;
Joseph's brothers, with their
gift, prostrate themselves; at
the sight of Benjamin, Joseph
has to retire to his chamber
to weep. Below; on Joseph's
return, there is segregated
feasting.
Old English Illustrated
Hexateuch.
Meeting of Jacob and Esau
Genesis 33, 1-4. Meeting of Jacob and
Esau; Esau's retinue of armed men
Old English Illustrated Hexateuch.
Battle of Sodom and Gomorrah
Genesis 14, 1-12. Text, with upper
part of illustration. The battle
against Sodom and Gomorrah
Image taken from Old English
Illustrated Hexateuch.
11th century Qur'an
This elegant, detailed Qur'an is one of the earliest dated examples of naskhi
script, the Arabic calligraphic hand which became one of the most popular
styles for such manuscripts thanks to its legibility.
Theodore Psalter
This profusely illustrated
Psalms from 1066 is possibly
the most significant
surviving manuscript
illuminated in
Constantinople. It was made
at a time when the antiimage movement of the
iconoclasts had relatively
recently been beaten down,
and representational art
could again flourish. The
name comes from the monk
who illustrated the
manuscript.
Psalter
A psalter is a volume containing the Book of
Psalms and which often contains other devotional
material. Various schemes for the arrangement of
the Psalms are described in Latin Psalters.
In the early Middle Ages psalters were amongst
the most popular types of illuminated manuscripts,
rivaled only by the Gospel Books, from which they
gradually took over as the type of manuscript
chosen for lavish illumination.
Medieval psalters often included a calendar, a
litany of saints, canticles from the Old and New
Testaments, as well as other devotional texts.
Many psalters were lavishly illuminated with fullpage miniatures as well as decorated initials.
Sedulius Scotus, Expositio
super primam edicionem
Donati grammatici Germany;
2nd half of the 12th century
Full-page miniature of Donatus
writing his grammar, his ink-pot held
by a monk labelled 'Heinre'(?), with
two short poems in hexameters in
the upper left and upper right
corners: the first poem compares the
breaking open of fruits, nuts, winejars and bees' cells, which in each
case reveals the more valuable
contents inside, to the similar
discovery of knowledge, once the
real meaning is found 'beneath' the
literal meaning; the second poem is a
simple tribute to the scribe of the
manuscript, the painter of Donatus'
portrait and the author of the
manuscript; at the end of Sedulius
Scotus's Expositio super primam
edicionem Donati grammatici.
Prudentius: “Psychomachia”
England’ St Albans’ c.1120
Superbia (pride) falls into a pit and is then beheaded by Humilitas (Humility)
Silos Apocalypse
This spectacular manuscript of Beatus of Liébana's commentary on the
Apocalypse survives in near perfect condition from the first decade of the 12th
century. It was copied and illuminated in the Spanish monastery of Santo
Domingo de Silos, near Burgos, at a time when the monastery's scriptorium was
producing its finest work. Painted in brilliant colours and embellished with gold
and silver leaf, its 106 striking miniatures illustrate the most extraordinary
scenes in the Christian Bible - a triumph of artistic vision.
‫אפוקליפסה (‪ ,Apocalypse‬מילה שמקורה בשפה היוונית)‬
‫משמעותה "חזון"‪ .‬כיון שרוב הספרות האפוקליפטית‬
‫עוסקת באסכטולוגיה‪ ,‬קיבלה המילה משמעות משנית‬
‫ועממית הקשורה לאחרית הימים‪ .‬עם זאת‪ ,‬חשוב לזכור‬
‫שאין זה הכרחי שחיבור אפוקליפטי יעסוק באחרית הימים‪.‬‬
‫הגדרת הז'אנר לקוחה משמו של הספר האחרון בברית‬
‫החדשה‪ ,‬חזון יוחנן‪ ,‬המתייחס לאחרית הימים ולהופעתו‬
‫של ישו מחדש‪ .‬כיום המושג מייצג את כל התפיסות‬
‫הנוגעות לאחרית הימים ולגאולה כזו או אחרת מהמציאות‬
‫המוכרת לנו‪.‬‬
‫זהו ספר ידוע ביותר בתחום‪ ,‬והשפעתו עצומה‪ .‬בספר זה‬
‫מופיעים ביטויים ומושגים רבים כגון‪" :‬ארבעת פרשי‬
‫האפוקליפסה"‪" ,‬ירושלים של מעלה" ורבים נוספים‪ .‬הספר‬
‫היה בסיס לאלפי יצירות אמנות בכל התחומים והשפיע אף‬
‫על מהלכים בהיסטוריה כגון מסעות הצלב‪.‬‬
‫עם זאת‪ ,‬התפיסה האפוקליפטית התחילה אף לפני כתיבת‬
‫הספר וסביר להניח שיוחנן כותב הבשורה (שלא לגמרי‬
‫ברור מיהו)‪ ,‬מחברו של חזון יוחנן‪ ,‬כבר הכיר את חזון‬
‫אחרית הימים כפי שהוא מופיע בספר דניאל‪.‬‬
Harley Trilingual Psalter Palermo, Italy, between 1130 and 1154. Psalm 81
David and lion; David and Samuel
Above; David as a shepherd rescues a lamb
from the lion. Left, David stands with a
crook, with two goats. Right; David rescues
a lamb from the lion's mouth. Below;
Annointing of David by Samuel. Samuel
holds the horn of oil which he pours over
David's head. Jesse stands in the middle,
with David's six brothers on right
Winchester Psalter [Psalter of Henry of
Blois; Psalter of St Swithun].
between 1121-1161
‫ דוד ושמואל‬,‫דוד והאריה‬- ‫ספר התהילים של ווינצ`סטר‬
‫ כשהוא ניצב ומטהו בידו ורועה צאן אביו‬, ‫ דוד הרועה מופיע פעמיים‬: ‫למעלה‬
.‫וכשהוא מציל שה משיני האריה‬
.‫ שמואל הנביא מושח את דוד למלך בעוד אביו ואחיו מביטים בפליאה‬:‫למטה‬
Hrabanus Maurus:
“De Laudibus Sancte Crucis”
Rhineland, Arnstein, 1170s.
The Emperor Louis the Pions
La Charite Psalter – France, La Charite-Sur-Loire, end
of the 12th century
King David pursued by his sons
Bestiary – The goat and the bull.
Northern England, c. 1200-1210
A bestiary, or Bestiarum vocabulum is a
compendium of beasts. Bestiaries were made
popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes
that described various animals, birds and even
rocks. The natural history and illustration of each
beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson.
This reflected the belief that the world itself was
the Word of God, and that every living thing had its
own special meaning. The bestiary, then, is also a
reference to the symbolic language of animals in
Western Christian art and literature.
Bestiaries were particularly popular in England and
France around the 12th century and were mainly
compilations of earlier texts.
Entry in Jerusalem
Entry into Jerusalem. Palm Sunday. Christ seated on a donkey enters Jerusalem
followed by a joyous crowd; The elders of the city waiting at the gates of the city.
This manuscript contains passages from the Gospels in liturgical sequence that are
used as readings in church services. Tempera on paper.
Image taken from Syriac Lectionary.
Originally published/produced in Mosul (Iraq), 1216-1220.
Language: Syriac
Giraldus Cambrensis “Topographica Hibernia”
SouthernEngland,c.1220
The legend of the wolf that talked with the
priest of Ulster
Title Missal, including a calendar, a Gradual for summer, a
Lectionary for the days after Easter and Pentecost Origin Austria or
Germany Script Protogothic
Leaf from an Arabic translation
of the Materia Medica of Dioscorides 1224
The de Brailes Hours is
the earliest surviving
English Book of Hours,
written in Oxford in
the thirteenth century
and illuminated by
William de Brailes.
Awag Vank' Gospels
Inventively decorated with peacocks, this set of tables - a supplement to
the Four Gospels - helped Bible readers in 13th-century Armenia. It enabled
them to find parallel passages in different Gospels, and so compare and
contrast the various accounts.
Detached Leaf from a Psalter
Matthew Paris: “Historia Anglorum”
Germany’ mid 13th century.
England’ St Albans, 1250-9
Scenes from the story of Samson
King Henry III sailing to Brittany
World map
Circular world map, with
Jerusalem in the centre.
Image taken
fromMiscellaneous Writings.
England [St Alban's Abbey
and Wymondham]; between
1247 and 1258.
Cotton Julius D. VII, f.46
Language: Latin
Lyre Psalter
Normandy, Lyre, second half of
the 13th century
David killing the bear and the lion
that threatened his flocks
Johannes de Sacro Bosco , Tractatus de sphaera ; Hippocras,
De Contemptu Mundi; Astronomical treatises, etc.England; 3rd
quarter of the 13th century
Miniature of the earth in a circle,
with personifications of the four
cardinal points.
Diagram of the earth, sun, and moon.
Title Bible (Proverbs-Revelation) Origin France, Central (Paris) Date last
quarter of the 13th century Language French Script Gothic
Psalter
Germany, diocese de Bamberg,
late 13th century.
Jacob’s ladder: Jacob lying
dreaming as angels ascend and
descend the ladder.
A thirteenth-century English ‘bestiary’, containing illustrated information
about various animals with explanations of their moral significance.
“Histoire Universelle”
Battle between Pyrrhus and Penthesilea, Queen of the
Amazons Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, Acre’ c. 1286.
French
:‫מקורות‬
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/hightours/index.html
http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/sacredthemesall.html
http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/msscatalog
http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news29/idpnews_29.a4d
http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/gallery.asp
http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/TourIntroGen.asp
http://dunhuang.mtak.hu/index-en.html
http://londonist.com/2008/08/into_the_bowels_of_the_british_libr.php
http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html
http://www.british-library.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts
http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp?W=4&F=0001&Step=1
http://bestiary.ca/
http://www.bl.uk/ramayana
http://www.imagesonline.bl.uk/results.asp
‫מצגות קשורות לנושא‪:‬‬
‫הספרייה הבריטית ‪ -‬מצגת ראשונה‬
‫כתבי יד יהודיים בספרייה הבריטית – מצגת ראשונה‬
‫כתבי יד יהודיים בספרייה הבריטית ‪ -‬מצגת שנייה‬
‫כתבי יד כלליים בספרייה הבריטית – מצגת שנייה‬
‫כתבי יד כלליים בספרייה הבריטית – מצגת שלישית‬
‫מקורות‪:‬‬
‫”‪"The Illuminated page – Ten centuries of manuscript painting‬‬
‫‪Janet Backhouse.‬‬
‫קלריטה ואפרים‬
‫הנכם מוזמנים להיכנס לאתר שלנו‪:‬‬
‫‪www.clarita-efraim.com‬‬
‫נשמח לתגובות‬