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OC-SBT/SBI/SGS032-U01-03 Introduction Programmes and Courses

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SEP – SBT032 – Unit 01

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SEP – SBI032 – Unit 01 SEP – SGS032 – Unit 01

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Credits

 Academic Inputs by  Mrs. Rasika Bhore  M.sc (Microbiology)  [email protected]

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How to Use This Resource

      Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.

Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.

Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.

Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.

Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.

Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

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Learning Objectives

 After studying this module, you should be able to:  

Discuss

the significance of Pasteur’s Fermentation experiments to our world today.

Describe

pasteurization & different diseases due to germs.

 

Discuss

the great contribution of Pasteur in Vaccine development.

Explain

Koch’s Postulates & his discoveries.

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Introduction

 In the late 1800s, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch helped develop the science of bacteriology when they discovered a link between bacteria, fermentation and disease.  Pasteur was convinced that microbes caused diseases in humans but his work on cholera had failed. He was never able to directly link one microbe with a disease. Koch succeeded in doing this.

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History of Fermentation

    Chemist Louis Pasteur 1857 he connected

air

’.

was the first zymologist, when in yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally defined fermentation as ‘

respiration without

Pasteur concluded, that alcoholic fermentation and multiplication of cells.

never occurs without simultaneous organization, development The German Eduard Buchner , later determined that fermentation was actually caused by a yeast secretion that he termed

zymase

.

The efforts of the brewing. Danish Carlsberg scientists greatly accelerated the gain of knowledge about yeast and © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Fermentation & Pasteurization

    Pasteur demonstrate, from his earlier work on chemical specificity, that the desired production of alcohol in fermentation is due to yeast and that the undesired production of substances (such as lactic acid or acetic acid) that make wine sour is due to the presence of additional organisms such as bacteria .

Pasteur contributed to solving the problem by showing that bacteria can be eliminated by heating the starting sugar solutions to a high temperature .

Pasteur overcome the problems such as the souring of milk, and he proposed a similar solution: heating the milk to a high temperature and pressure before bottling. This process is now called Pasteurization. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Contribution of Louis Pasteur

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Disproof of Spontaneous Generation

 Fully aware of the presence of microorganisms in nature, Pasteur undertook several experiments designed to address the question of where these " germs " came from.  Pasteur concluded from his experiments that the microbes are the contaminants through dust particles in air.

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Silkworm Studies

     In 1865, Pasteur to come to the aid of the silk industry in southern France. The country's enormous production of silk had suddenly been curtailed because a disease of silkworms (pebrine), had reached epidemic proportions. Suspecting that certain microscopic objects found in the diseased silkworms (and in the moths and their eggs) were disease-producing organisms, Pasteur experimented with controlled breeding and proved that pebrine was not only contagious but also hereditary .

He concluded that only in diseased and was the solution. living eggs was the cause of the disease maintained; therefore, selection of disease-free eggs By adopting this method of selection, the silk industry was saved from disaster. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Germ Theory of Disease

    Pasteur's work on fermentation and spontaneous generation had considerable implications for medicine, because he believed that the origin and development of disease are analogous to the origin and process of fermentation.

That is, disease arises from germs attacking the body from outside, just as unwanted microorganisms invade milk and cause fermentation . This concept, called the germ theory of disease, was strongly debated by physicians and scientists around the world. Pasteur's studies convinced him that he was right, however, and in the course of his career he extended the germ theory to explain the causes of many diseases. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Anthrax Research

    Pasteur also determined the natural history of anthrax , a fatal disease of cattle.

He proved that anthrax is caused by a particular bacillus and suggested that animals could be given anthrax in a mild form by vaccinating them with attenuated bacilli, thus providing immunity from potentially fatal attacks. In order to prove his theory, Pasteur began by inoculating 25 sheep ; a few days later he inoculated these and 25 more sheep with an especially strong inoculants, and he left 10 sheep untreated . He predicted that the second 25 sheep would all perish and concluded the experiment dramatically by showing, to a skeptical crowd, the carcasses of the 25 sheep lying side by side. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Rabies Vaccine

    Pasteur spent the rest of his life working on the causes of various diseases-including septicemia, cholera, diphtheria, fowl cholera, tuberculosis, and smallpox and their prevention by means of vaccination .

He is best known for his investigations concerning the prevention of rabies , otherwise known in humans as hydrophobia . After experimenting with the saliva of animals suffering from this disease, Pasteur concluded that the disease rests in the nerve centers of the body; when an extract from the of rabies were produced.

spinal column of a rabid dog was injected into the bodies of healthy animals, symptoms By studying the tissues of infected animals, particularly rabbits, Pasteur was able to develop an attenuated form of the virus that could be used for inoculation. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Pasteur’s Institute

 In 1885, Pasteur was urged to treat a boy bitten by rabid dog with his new method. At the end of the treatment, which lasted ten days, the boy was being inoculated with the most potent rabies virus known; he recovered and remained healthy.  Thousands of people have been saved from rabies by this treatment. Pasteur's research on rabies resulted, in the founding of a special institute in Paris for the treatment of the disease known as the Pasteur Institute .  Pasteur had long since become a national hero and had been honored in many ways. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Contribution of Robert Koch

 Robert Koch was born in 1843. Koch worked on anthrax and tuberculosis (TB) and he further developed the work of Louis Pasteur.

 Pasteur was convinced that microbes caused diseases in humans but his work on never able to directly link one microbe with a disease. Koch succeeded cholera in doing this.

had failed . He was  Koch was a doctor and he had a detailed knowledge of the human body . He was also skilled in experiments, the result of his work in natural sciences. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Investigations of Koch

       The first disease that Koch investigated was anthrax . This was a disease that could seriously affect herds of farm animals and farmers .

Anthrax microbe produced animal had died. He also proved that these spores could then develop into the anthrax spores germ that lived for a long time after an and could infect other animals.

Identification of the germ that caused blood poisoning and septicemia .

Discovered that methyl violet dye showed up the septicemia germ under a microscope by staining it.

Method which proves which germ caused an infection. Technique of growing pure cultures of germs using a mix of potatoes and gelatin.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

as the cause of the disease TB.

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Koch’s Postulate

Koch's postulates are:

1.

The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms. 2.

3.

4.

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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What we Learn…………..

    Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist best known for his remarkable breakthroughs in microbiology. His experiments confirmed the germ theory of disease , also reducing mortality from puerperal fever (childbed), and he created the first vaccine for rabies.

He is best known for showing how to stop milk and wine from going sour - this process came to be called pasteurization. Robert Koch worked on anthrax and tuberculosis (TB) .

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Critical Thinking Questions

1. What actually the action of vaccines in animal body? How?

2. Why Koch’s Postulate are not useful in proving the cause of disease like AIDS?

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Tips For Critical Thinking Questions

1.

Antibody production.

2.

Koch observed bacteria. Symptoms are not seen in early stage.

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Study Tips

 Book   Title : Microbiology: An Introduction Author : Gerard Tortora  Book  Title : Milestones in microbiology  Author : Thomas Brock © 2007, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

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Study Tips

www.en.wikipedia.org

Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch www.webspace.oanet.com

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End of the Presentation

Thank You !