Transcript The Rumblings of War Comparing the North and the South Thoughts of War Military Strategy The Union  The North  Blue  President Abraham Lincoln  Capital: Washington,

The Rumblings of War
Comparing the North
and the South
Thoughts of War
Military Strategy
The Union
 The North
 Blue
 President Abraham Lincoln
 Capital: Washington, DC
 Commanders: George McClellan;
Ulysses S. Grant
 Goal: Preserve the Union
The North Strengths
 The North outnumbers
the South with more
men
 The North has factories
that can produce
weapons, uniforms and
supplies needed for
war
 Lincoln is a skilled
leader
The North Strengths
 The North has
double the number
of railroad tracks
 The North has the
largest navy and
almost all the
arsenals are in the
North
 The North is
wealthy, larger food
supply
The Confederate States of
America (The Confederacy)
 The South
 Grey
 President: Jefferson Davis
 Capital: Richmond, Virginia
 Commander: Robert E. Lee
 Goal: Preserve states’ rights
The South Strengths
 Most military officers
are well trained and
well experienced at war
 Southerners are going
to fight harder because
they well be fighting on
Southern soil
The South Strengths
 The South has cotton
which supplies
Northern factories
 Cotton is also sold to
the England and
France, the South
believes that they will
become allies and
recognize the South as
a nation
The North and the South
Thoughts on War
 Both believe in what
they are fighting for is
a noble cause
 Men from both sides
rush to join the army
to prove their
manhood
 War is romanticized
The North and the South
 Both sides feel that they can win the war
 Actually both sides felt that the war would be
over in a couple months
 The north and south are split on cultural
differences and out of loyalty to there regions
 Southerners have been raised in a culture of
hunting and survival
 Northerners have limited experience in the
outdoors in comparison to Southerners
The Industrial Revolution and
Warfare
 Firearms
– Revolvers have
five shots or more
– Rifles can shoot
farther and
accurately
The Industrial Revolution and
Warfare
 Cannons
– Howitzers lob large
shells over
obstacles
– Rifled cannons fire
great distances and
are accurate
Ironclad gunboats

Naval gunship made
with iron sides created by
the Confederates
 Armed with numerous
cannons
 The Civil War was the
first time that submarines
were used as American
weapons of war. The
Union was the first to use
a sub.
The Anaconda Plan
The Union devised (General Winfield Scott)
devised a three part plan to conquer the South:
1.
Blockade Southern ports so the South
could not export or import;
2. Control the Mississippi River to cut the
Confederacy in half;
3. Capture the Confederate capital at
Richmond, Virginia
Southern Strategy:Time and
Defense
 Southern forces
needed to provide
early and
spectacular victories
to show foreign
allies south capable
of winning
 Victories would sap
northern ability to
continue fight
Major Battles
 Ft. Sumter – considered the spark of the Civil
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War
First of Bull Run (July 21, 1861) – considered
the 1st “official” battle of the Civil War
Shiloh – proved the war would be a long war
Antietam – bloodiest single-day of the war
Gettysburg – the turning point of the war
Vicksburg – cut the Confederacy in two
Appomattox – site of the surrender of Lee to
Grant
Fort Sumter
 The Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter in
Charleston, SC on April 12-13th, 1861.
 These were the
1st shots fired in the
war
 It was considered
a Southern victory
 Lincoln called for
volunteers to fight
the war
Battle of Bull Run
 The Battle of Bull Run was fought on July
21, 1861 in Virginia.
 Also known as First Manasses because of
the town near which it was fought
 confederacy led by Thomas “Stonewall”
Jackson (he stood firm against the Union
like a “stone wall”)
 The South won.
 Major morale boost for the South
Shiloh
 Fought April 7, 1862 in Tennessee
(considered a western battle)
 Significance: It showed the importance of
sending out scouts, digging, trenching, and
building forts.
 The battle was considered a draw, but is
considered a Confederation loss.
Antietam
 The Battle of Antietam was fought on
September 17, 1862 in Antietam,
Maryland.
 It was the bloodiest single-day battle in
U.S. History. (More than 23,000 men)
 Northern victory
 Lincoln fired General George McClellan
because he was too cautious.
Gettysburg
 The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July
1-3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
 Considered the key turning point of the
war. After this defeat, the South never
attempted another Northern invasion.
 The Gettysburg Address was given at a
ceremony by President Lincoln dedicating
a cemetery on the sight of the battlefield.
The Gettysburg Address
 Four score and seven years ago our fathers
brought forth, upon this continent, a new
nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated
to the proposition that all men are created
equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil
war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation so conceived, and so dedicated, can
long endure.
We are met here on a great battlefield of that
war. We have come to dedicate a portion of it
as a final resting place for those who here
gave their lives that that nation might live. It
is altogether fitting and proper that we should
do this.
But in a larger sense we can not dedicate - we
can not consecrate - we can not hallow this
ground. The brave men, living and dead, who
struggled, here, have consecrated it far above
our poor power to add or detract. The world
will little note, nor long remember, what we
say here, but can never forget what they did
here.
It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated
here to the unfinished work which they have,
thus far, so nobly carried on. It is rather for us
to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us - that from these honored
dead we take increased devotion to that cause
for which they here gave the last full measure
of devotion - that we here highly resolve that
these dead shall not have died in vain; that
this nation shall have a new birth of freedom;
and that this government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from
the earth.
Vicksburg
 The Battle of Vicksburg was fought on
July 4, 1863 in Vicksburg, Mississippi.
 Union victory
 The Union cut the Confederacy in two as a
result of this victory.
 By the time of the surrender, the residents
were reduced to eating dogs, horses, mules,
and even rats.
Appomattox
 Southern General Robert E. Lee
surrendered to Union General Ulysses S.
Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox
Courthouse in Virginia.
Political Issues of the war

Concerned that Maryland may be swayed by
Confederate sympathizers to secede, President Lincoln
declared martial law in Maryland and suspended the writ
of habeas corpus (the guarantee that a person cannot be
imprisoned without being brought before a judge) and
strong supporters of the Confederacy were jailed.
 Lincoln established a draft in the North.
 Copperheads were Union Democrats who were notable
opponents of and criticizers of Lincoln.
The Emancipation Proclamation
 January 1, 1863 This proclamation was
issued as a military decree freeing all
slaves in rebelling territories. However, no
slave was emancipated until two years later
when Congress passed the 13th
Amendment which abolished slavery
throughout the United States.
 The proclamation encouraged free African
Americans to serve in the Union army.
th
54
Massachusetts Regiment
 An all-African American regiment that was
formed in Massachusetts
 This regiment is famous for its attack on Fort
Wagner during the war. The commander
Robert Gould Shaw led his men into battle in
Charleston harbor.
 Many were killed, however, the 54th earned
respect for its discipline and courage in battle.
 This battle was the subject of the movie
Glory.
Effects of the War
 Established the supremacy of federal
authority over the states.
 Eventually, slavery was abolished, through
legislation (13th Amendment).
 No state would ever try to secede from the
Union again.
Civil War: Important Points
 Causes of the Civil War (the
expansion of slavery was a
KEY issue)
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin
significance
 Underground RR & Harriet
Tubman
 Dred Scott case significance
 Significance of KansasNebraska Act
 Southern reaction to
Lincoln’s election
 Southern
advantages/Northern
advantages
Robert’s E. Lee’s choice to lead
the South
Anaconda Plan
Why McClellan was fired
Significance of ALL the battles
Goal of Lincoln in the Civil War
Purpose of the Gettysburg
Address
Purpose of the Emancipation
Proclamation
General William T. Sherman
Effects of the Civil War
Reconstruction of the South
 Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction was to
rebuild the South instead of punishing the
South.
 April 14, 1865 five days after the surrender
at Appomattox Courthouse, President
Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theatre
by John Wilkes Booth.
Andrew Johnson and the
Radical Republicans
 With Lincoln’s death, the Presidency went to
Andrew Johnson
 Johnson was a Southerner and one time slave
owner
 Johnson pursued his own presidential
reconstruction which was very sympathetic to the
South.
 Conflict arose between Johnson and Radical
Republicans because Johnson’s plan seemed too
lenient and it failed to offer African Americans
full citizenship.
14th Amendment and the Civil
Rights Act of 1866

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1866 with the
intent of giving citizenship rights to African Americans.
 Johnson vetoed the Act, but Congress was able to
override the veto.
 Congress feared the courts might strike down the new
law as unconstitutional so they passed a new amendment
to the Constitution… The 14th Amendment which
guaranteed that no person (regardless of race) would be
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process
of law.
 The 14th Amendment was ratified in 1868.
Johnson’s Impeachment
 Johnson tried to fire Secretary of War Edwin Stanton,
who had been appointed by Lincoln because of his close
ties with the Radical Republicans.
 This was a violation of the Tenure in Office Act which
limited the president’s power to hire and fire government
officials.
 Led by Radical Republican Congressman, Thaddeus
Stevens, Congress voted to impeach (charged with wrong
doing in order to remove from office ) Johnson.
 On May 16, 1868, the Senate voted to spare Johnson’s
presidency by one vote.
The Freedmen’s Bureau
 The Thirteenth Amendment freed the
slaves.
 In 1865, Congress created The
Freedmen’s Bureau which was the 1st relief
agency in the United States.
 It provided clothing, meals, medical
attention, education, and even some land to
freed blacks and poorer whites.
 Lacking support, it disbanded in 1869.
Sharecroppers and Tenant Farmers
 African Americans were free but they had no
land or money. Many turned to sharecropping in
order to survive.
 Sharecropping was a practice where a family
farmed a portion of a landowner’s land in return
for housing and a share of the crop.
 If a sharecropper was fortunate to save enough
money, he might try tenant farming
 Tenant farmers paid rent to farm the land and
owned the crops they grew.
Black Codes and the Ku Klux Klan
 After Johnson took office and before Congress
could enact its own plan for Reconstruction,
many Southern states adopted black codes.
 These were laws meant to keep African
Americans subordinate to whites by restricting
the rights of freed slaves.
 Ku Klux Klan- a secretive organization whose
members dress in white hooded robes. The Klan
used violence, murder, and threats to intimidate
blacks and anyone who gave blacks equal rights.
Bitterness Grows in the South
 Reconstruction dragged on and many
southerners became bitter.
 Carpetbaggers were northerners who had
come to the south to do business.
Southerners despised them because they
saw them as taking advantage of southern
suffering for their own economic gain.
 Scalawags were southerners, often
Republicans, who supported
Reconstruction.
The Grant Administration
 In 1868, Republican Ulysses S. Grant was
elected President.
 Grant was a poor judge of character and
surrounded himself with dishonest men.
 Whiskey Ring was a scheme by internal
revenue collectors and whiskey distillers to
cheat the government out of tax money.
 Grant’s own private secretary was indicted
nder the Whiskey Ring.
The Fifteenth Amendment and
Texas v. White
 Fifteenth Amendment ratified in 1870 guaranteed
that no citizen be denied the right to vote “by the
United States or any state on the account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.”
 The 15th Amendment greatly impacted the South
by giving African Americans the right to vote.
 Texas v. White – the Supreme Court ruled that
the federal government had the authority to
oversee the reconstructing of southern state
governments.
Election of 1876 and the End of
Reconstruction
 The election of the presidency was
contested because officials disputed the
results in some states. Congress appointed
an electoral commission what resulted was
the Compromise of 1877.
 Democrats agreed to Hayes being president
and the Republicans agreed to end
Reconstruction.
Election of 1876 and the End of
Reconstruction cont….

With the end of Reconstruction, southern states began
passing Jim Crow Laws that required blacks and whites
to use separate public facilities.
 Many states tried to avoid the Fifteenth Amendment by
requiring citizens to pass literacy tests or pay poll taxes in
order to vote.
 So these laws would not hinder poor and illiterate whites,
some states instituted the grandfather clauses which
exempted citizens from restrictions on voting if they, or
their ancestors, had voted in previous elections or served
in the confederate military.