Transcript The Industrial Revolution 1700-1914 By Sam Irving The Rise of Industry BIG Idea: Beginning in mid-1700s Great Britain, a series of innovations in agriculture and industry led.

The
Industrial Revolution
1700-1914
By Sam Irving
The Rise of Industry
BIG Idea: Beginning in mid-1700s
Great Britain, a series of innovations
in agriculture and industry led to
profound economic and social
changes in western Europe and the
U.S.
Preindustrial Society
Most people farmed.

75% of the population lived in rural
villages.
Nature’s seasons determined work
schedule.
Peasants rented small strips of land
and shared common lands.

No fences
High infant death rate and low life
expectancy.



1/3 died within a year
½ died before age 21
Average life expectancy was 40.
Pre-Revolution Industry
Domestic System: workers produced
goods, such as cloth, at home.
Worked in coal mines when not
planting or harvesting.
The Enclosure Movement
Wealthy British landowners took over
and fenced off both private and
common lands into one estate.
Increased efficiency and productivity.

Crop rotation & orderly planting with seed
drills.
Less farmers required, causing many
to become urban industrial workers.
How would this agricultural
revolution lead to an
industrial revolution???
3 Needs for Industry
Capital: money to invest in industry.


Landowners profited from large-scale
farming.
Growing middle-class profited from trade.
Joint-stock companies
Slave Trade

Encouraged by the British Gov’t.
Natural Resources



Rivers for power and shipping
Iron and coal deposits
Other resources from colonies
Labor Supply: enclosure led to
population growth and increased
urbanization.
The Textile (clothing) Industry Leads
the Way.
In the domestic system, women produced yarn, cloth,
and clothes at home.
In 1733, John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” allowed yarn to be
woven faster.
In 1760, James Hargreaves’s “Spinning Jenny” allowed
spinners to spin more yarn faster.
In 1768 Richard Arkwright developed a spinning
machine that ran continuously on waterpower.
The “Powered Loom,” invented by Edmund
Cartwright in 1787, could be run by horse, water,
or steam.
In 1793, Eli Whitney’s “Cotton Gin” allowed raw
cotton to be cleaned faster and cheaper.
Full mechanization of the British
textile industry by the late 1700s.
The Factory System
:Organized production bringing
workers and machines together under
the control of managers.


Why did the factory system replace the
domestic system?
Machines are too large and expensive to
be used at home.
Infrastructure for Industry
Steam, steel, canals and paved
roads.
The Bessemer process to create steel
Assignment
ELT: Describe characteristics of
economic systems throughout history.
“The Industrial Revolution” reading
and crossword.
Industrial Capitalism
BIG Idea: Following Adam Smith’s
economic philosophy, large-scale
industrial capitalism developed in
western Europe and the U.S.
Great Britain initially tried to keep industrial
technology a secret by restricting the flow of
machines and skilled workers to other
countries.
In 1789, industrial spinner Samuel Slater
emigrated to the U.S. disguised as a farmer.
Using Great Britain as a model,
western Europe and the U.S.
began rapid industrialization.
Capitalism (a.k.a. Free enterprise/market)
: economic system in which
individuals, not the gov’t, own the
means of production (land & factories) &
decide how to run their business to
make a profit.
What’s this?
Business Cycle: alternating periods of
business expansion and decline.

Recessions & depressions
Mass Production
Division of Labor: each worker does
one specialized task.
Identical products move on an
assembly line.

Henry Ford
Replace human labor with
machines.
How would mass
production affect
productivity & profits?
Increased productivity & profits
Lower prices
Adam Smith (Father of Capitalism)
Laissez-Faire: a policy of allowing
business to run without government
interference. (Don’t Touch)

Let supply and
demand operate
freely.
Individual self-interest adds up to the
common good.


Competition creates the best goods at
the lowest prices.
The profit motive
encourages
efficient
production.
Is Smith right? Has industrial
capitalism benefited society?
Let’s take a look at a few
industrial revolution inventions.
Thomas Edison invented the incandescent light bulb in the
1870s, making electric lighting cheap and accessible.
Alexander Gram Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
Henry Ford’s assembly line mass production of the
Model T made cars available and affordable (1913).
Industrial Society
Population Growth


More & cheaper food
Increased life expectancy
Upward social mobility

Less rigid social structure
Urbanization: growth of cities
Assignment
Essential Learning Target: Give
examples of how philosophical beliefs
have influenced society.
Let’s read the economic philosophy
behind industry and big business.
 Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations
Socialism and the
Working Class
BIG Idea: New socio-economic
realities spurred on new ways of
thinking.
The Working Class
Industry led many to urban poverty.
Capitalist competition led to long
hours, low wages, and dangerous
working conditions.


Child Labor
Rigid bell schedules
Boy dragging a cart filled with coal through a
tunnel in a Scottish mine about 1843.
(An average cart weighted 200-650 pounds)
A textile mill in Macon, Georgia circa 1909.
A tenement in New York, 1900. Often, entire working-class families
would share this one room.
What’s the meaning of this political cartoon?
Formed labor unions for collective
bargaining.

What do unions do?
Socialism
: economic theory stating that the
means of production (land, factories,
etc.) should be publicly owned and
wealth distributed equally among all.

Replace competition with cooperation.
Karl Marx (Scientific Socialism)
Materialism: Economics, or the
means of supporting life, is the basis
of all human culture and social
institutions.

Economic Systems
Slavery
Feudalism
Capitalism
Socialism
History advances through stages of
economic class conflict.

In the last stage, workers (proletariat) will
overthrow owners (bourgeoisie) and
create communism (socialism).
1. Slaves v. Masters
2. Peasants v. Lords
3. Workers v. Owners
4. Communism
Without private property, social
classes and government will vanish.
Governing Principle: “From each
according to his ability, to each
according to his need.”
Assignment
Essential Learning Target: Give
examples of how philosophical beliefs
have influenced society.
Industrial Life created new ways to
think about the world.

Let’s read Marx’s Communist Manifesto.
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