Transcript Word processing Computer Literacy 1 15 September 2008 History of word processing  Hand writing + – –  Printing + + – –  totally free design (e.g.

Word processing
Computer Literacy 1
15 September 2008
History of word processing
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Hand writing
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Printing
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totally free design (e.g. codex)
error correction is hard,
only one copy.
design is quite free,
made by specialists (copy editor, editor, typographer,
proofreader, printer),
only high number of copies (>300),
one correction per edition.
Typewriter
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fast and cheap,
design is limited,
one type face, monospace letters,
error correction is complicated,
only one copy.
Word processing with computers
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Free Design,
easy error correction, modifying, retrieval,
flexible number of copies (printer to print shop),
structure can be separated from the formatting,
formulas, tables, images, drawings can be included easily,
automatic spell checking,
creating table of contents, index, cross references,
mail merge (connection with database),
recording repeating tasks (macro, scripts),
hypertext,
no specialists (we are the editor, the typographer,
proofreader and the printer).
Typographical units
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didot-point (p): 1 m = 2660 p (European)
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pica-point (pt): 1"  72 pt (English)
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1 p  0,3759 mm
12 p = 1 cic (cicero)  4,511 mm
use by computers
1 pt  0,3514 mm
12 pt = 1 pi (pica) = 4,2164 mm
relative units of length:
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1 ex: x-height, height of the letter x.
1 em: the actual letter height (equal to the width of letter
m).
Remark.: in most of the cases the MS Word uses the pica-point (pt), but when
setting a value pt, pi, " (inch), mm, cm units may also be used.
Character encoding systems
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ASCII code set (ANSI X3.4-1968)
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ASCII extensions (e.g. iso-8859-n, windows-1250)
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Codes from 128255 (8 bit),
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accented letters, other special characters,
different standards (DOS and Windows uses different code pages with
automatic conversion in certain cases)
Unicode (1991, www.unicode.org)
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Codes from 0127 (7 bit),
English small and capital letters, numerals, punctuation marks, some
other characters, control characters.
Codes from 065535 (16 bit), with extension, more than one million
all letters of all languages have their own character set,
the standard is still under extension (now: ISO 10646:2000).
Code of the Enter (line-end character):
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DOS, Windows: 13 (Carriage Return, CR) + 10 (Line Feed, LF)
UNIX, Linux: 10 (CR)
Macintosh: 13 (LF)
Character Map
Character formatting
Shape of letters 1
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Raster font: the shape of a letter is
described as an image
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resolution cannot be changed,
different screen and printer font is necessary
due to the different resolution,
all sizes need a separate set,
the shape may be optimized for the resolution
and size (important for small sizes).
Capital A of MS Serif 24 pt
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Vector font: the shape is described by the center line
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no fill-in,
otherwise similar to the outline fonts,
used by CAD applications.
Windows XP raster fonts: Courier, MS Sans Serif, MS Serif, Small, Symbol.
Windows XP vector fonts: Modern, Roman, Script.
Character formatting
Shape of letters 2
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Outline font: the contour of the
letters are described by Béziercurves, and the inner parts are
filled-in (e.g. Open-Type, TrueType,
Postscript fonts)
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1 ex
may be scaled, rotated, distorted,
same description may be used for screen
1 em
and print,
kerning table,
baseline
result of distortion is usually awkward,
on screen in small size unreadable (needs
substituting raster font),
in small sizes not harmonic,
Times New Roman letters Aj
Character formatting
Typefaces and type styles
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Type face: an alphabet and other signs designed on the
same principle.
example
A Type face includes Type styles according to
 line-weight: light, normal, bold, demi, black, heavy,
 letter-width: condensed, normal, extended,
 function: plain, italic or cursive (oblique, slanted), small
caps,
 decoration: filled, outline, shadow, superscript,
subscript, chisel (emboss, engrave, etc.).
The (existing) styles of a type faces is the Type Family.
Remark: the styles may be generated by the computer from the plain style with
geometric distortion. The cursive, bold and small caps should not be
generated this way because the result is awkward.
E.g. Times New Roman cursive vs. slanted (oblique):
Character formatting
Classification of Type faces
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Serif:
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Sans Serif:
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to be used in titles, headlines, posters, on screen (e.g.
Arial, Verdana).
Monotype, typewriter face:
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the serif makes the text more readable on paper: it
shows the baseline and so guides the eyes
(e.g. Times New Roman).
all letters has the same width (e.g. i and m): text or numbers
written above each other like a table
(e.g. Courier New).
Proportional:
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each letter has a different width. Most of the type faces are
this type.
Character formatting
Historical classification of type faces
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Renaissance (Bembo, Garamond, Plantin, Centaur, Sabon)
Baroque (Tótfalusi, Fournier, Caslon, Baskerville, Times)
Classicistic (Bodoni, Didot, Walbaum, Thorne, Zapf Int.)
Egyptienne (Rockwell, Memphis, Stymie, Karnak, Serifa)
Grotesque (Futura, Helvetica, Univers)
Clarendon (New Century Schoolbook, Extended, Primus)
Varia (Optima, Clearface Gothic, Romic)
Eclectic (Clearface, Cheltenham, Bookman, Korinna)
Secession (Desdemona, Benguiat, Arnold Böcklin)
Art Deco (Bernhard, Belwe, Anna, Industria)
Constructivist (Bauhaus, Variex, Triplex)
Epigraph (Medici, Charlemagne, Copperplate 31)
Chisel and commercials (Stencil, Wide Latin, Chisel)
Hand-writing (Regency, Zapf Chancery, Vivaldi, Mistral)
Gothic (Linotext, Tudor, London)
Non-Latin
Using type styles
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Emphasis in text:
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Emphasis in headings:
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all caps, except of hand-written and gothic type faces (unreadable),
bold, small caps, underline, center aligned, etc.
Using different type faces helps
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cursive is used to emphasize a word, in a cursive text use normal,
expanding, underline is not attractive, former does not really emphasize,
bold only the first words of a list (e.g. encyclopedia, dictionary),
small caps is used for names, first letter is capital,
all caps is like we would shout, and hard to read.
understanding (emphasis),
reviewing (hierarchy of headings, lists, table of contents, index, etc.).
Guide to mixing of type faces:
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the mixed types should differ in more than one attributes,
the difference between sizes should be well defined (at least 1.5 times),
the different type faces should be in different classes (e.g. serif  sans serif),
in general: if there is a difference, it should be dramatic.
Using type styles  examples
Character formatting
Type faces
Typing
Some rules of typing
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Exactly one space between two words and after a
sentence.
Punctuation marks (comma, point, question mark, etc.)
follow the word without any space, but a space is
needed after them.
Parenthesis includes the text without space, but
spaces are needed around them.
It is a bad habit to position the text with several spaces,
it will be misaligned in the printed version. Use tabs or
tables instead.
The paragraph is finished with one Enter.
A list in a text is also a sentence, so the punctuation
marks should be placed; similar for the formulas.
No full-stop after measure units (e.g. cm).
Typing
Special characters
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Paragraph mark: ¶ (Enter key)
Tabulator:  (Tab key)
New line (in a paragraph):  (Shift-Enter)
en space
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Non-breaking space: °
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e.g. before units: 12°kg, in date: 750°BC, name of a king or queen:
Elisabeth°II.
Optional hyphen: ¬
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thousand separator: 1 000 000,
in case of two authors: Michelson  Morley
suggested place for hyphenation.
Non-breaking hyphen: 
otherwise the hyphen may followed by line break.
Remark: these non-printing characters are shown only if the Show All ¶ button is on.
Typing
Use of punctuation marks 1
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quotes, apostrophes, primes
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quotation marks (99 shaped):
 Hungarian: „nn «nn» nn”
(U+201E, U+00AB, U+00BB, U+201D)
 English: ‘nn “nn” nn’
(U+2018, U+201C, U+201D, U+2019)
 American: “nn ‘nn’ nn”
 German: „nn ‚nn‘ nn” or »nn ‚nn‘ nn«
 French: «nn «nn» nn»
apostrophe: I’m fool (9 shaped) (U+2019)
foot, inch: 6' 10'' (straight prime) (U+0027, U+0022)
angle degree, minute, second: 15°12´10˝ (slanted
prime, U+00BA, U+2032, U+2033)
Typing
Use of punctuation marks 2
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hyphens, dashes
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em-dash (same length as letter m)
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as dash: always in pairs, like nnnnnnnnn (in English,
without spaces),
en-dash (same length as letter n)
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as dash: nnn  nnn  nnn (with spaces, in Hungarian),
as long hyphen:
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184849,
BoyleMariotte law.
hyphen (shorter than en-dash)
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as a hyphen: one-by-one, Add-in,
hyphenation (usually automatic).
Typing
Use of punctuation marks 3
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Replacements (red: incorrect):
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multiplication: a x b, a×b
division: a/b, a÷b
parenthesis: nn /nn/ nn, nn (nn) nn
zero: o, O, 0
small letter o, capital letter o, number zero
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one: I, l, 1,
capital letter i, small letter l, number one
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some upper indices and fractions exist as special
characters: ª, ², ³, ¹, º, ¼, ½, ¾
⅓, ⅔, ⅕, ⅖, ⅗, ⅘, ⅙, ⅚, ⅛, ⅜, ⅝, ⅞ (depends on
typeface)
ellipse: ... , . . . , …
three dots, three dots with spaces, ellipse character
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copyright: (c), ©
Copyright
© Budapest University of Technology and Economics
Departement of Architectural Representation
Tamás Fejér, 2002–2008.