Transcript Combating Human Trafficking – How Coordinating International, Federal and State Law Can Prevent and Punish Exploitation While Protecting Victims March, 10 and 11,

Combating Human Trafficking – How Coordinating
International, Federal and State Law Can Prevent and
Punish Exploitation While Protecting Victims
March, 10 and 11, 2011
Center for Law and Global Affairs
Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law
Arizona State University
Susana Medina de Rizzo
Trafficking Victims: Countries of Origin
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
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Trafficking Victims: Countries of Destination
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
Susana Medina de Rizzo
Palacios Law (1913).
Prophilaxis Law Nº 12331.
Law Nº 26061 on Protection of the
Rights of Children and Adolescents.
Law Nº 23364 on Prevention and
Punishment of Trafficking and Victims´
Assistance
ARGENTINA
Law Nº26390 on the Prohibition of Child
Labour and Protection of Adolescent
Labour
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CHILE
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BOLIVIA
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BOLIVIA
PARAGUAY
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BRASIL
BOLIVIA
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PARAGUAY
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PARAGUAY
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PARAGUAY
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PARAGUAY
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PARAGUAY
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¿What can we do to confront trafficking in a
more coordinated fashion?
- Carry out trainning and improvement programs for judges,and
judicial officers and employees in order to achieve further studies
and comparative analysis of the following international
instruments related to trafficking and human trafficking:
Susana Medina de Rizzo
International instruments related to the crime
of trafficking in human beings
• The United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (2000).
• The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the
United Nations Convention against Transnational Crime (2000).
(approved by National Law Nº 25.632).
• Legislative Guidelines on the Implementation of the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its protocols
• Legislative guidelines for interpreting the Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
Children.
• Manual to Combat trafficking in human beings - United Office on
Drugs and Crime, New York, 2007
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International instruments related to the crime
of trafficking in human beings
• The UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons
and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (2 Dec. 1949).
• Convention on the Rights of the Child : Optional Protocol on the
Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (25 May
2000).
• Convention on the Rights of the Child (20 Nov. 1989)
• C29 Forced Labour Convention, 1930, OIT (ratified in Argentina in
1950).
• C105 on the Abolition of Forced Labour, 1957, ILO (ratified in
Argentina in 1960).
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International instruments related to the crime
of trafficking in human beings
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C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 , ILO.
C138 Minimun Age Convention, 1973, ILO
The UN Slavery Convention, 1926.
The UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery , the
Slave Trade, and Institution and Practices similar to Slavery,1957.
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International Instruments
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The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
(Article 5, paragraph 3 that" prohibits trafficking in human beings ".(12/18/2000).
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 (articles 4 and
5).
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(1989) concerning the protection of children against all forms of
sexual exploitation and sexual abuse, and prevention of abduction,
trafficking and sale of children .
The Palermo Protocol (2000) to Prevent, Suppress and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children,
supplementing the United Nations Convention against transnational
organized crime.
The Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating
Trafficking in Human Beings (September 20, 2002 at the European
Conference on Preventing and Combating Human Trafficking, urged
to coordinate actions among countries of origin, transit and
destination to prevent this scourge (articles 7 and 8) ).
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International Instruments
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The Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA European Council of 19
July 2002 on combating trafficking in human beings (203 Do.L
01.08.2002, p.1)
The Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA European Council of 22
December 2003 on the Action against child sexual exploitation and
child pornography (OJ L 13, 20.1.2004, p.44)
Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the issue of a
residence permit to nationals of third countries who are victims of
human trafficking or have been subject to an action to illegal
immigration who cooperate with the competent authorities .
The Report of the Expert Group on trafficking in human beings
European Commission, DG Justice, Freedom and Security,
2004.
The conclusions of the Tampere European Council (14 and 15
October 1999) in calling for combating those who engage in
trafficking in human beings.
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International Instruments
• The Commission Communication to the Council and Parliament
entitled" Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Assessment of
the Tampere Programme and future orientations "(COM (2004)
0401) .
• The Decision 293/2000/EC of the European Parliament and
Council of January 24, 2000, by approving a program of
Community action (the Daphne Programme) on preventive
measures to combat violence against children, adolescents and
women (OJ L 34, 9.2.2000, p.1)
• The Conclusions of the Brussels European Council (4 and 5
November 2004) and the Hague Programme on Freedom, Security
and Justice, which asked the Council and the Commission to
develop a plan on best practices, standards and mechanisms to
combat trafficking .
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International Instruments
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The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in
Human Beings adopted by the Ministers Committee on May 3, 2005.
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The Council Framework Decision of 19 May 2000 on Combating
Trafficking in Human Beings, the Communication from the Commission to
the Council and the European Parliament on further measures in the field of
combating trafficking in women (OJ C 59 of 02.23.2001, p. 307).
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The Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament
and the Council on Fighting Trafficking in human beings-an integrated
approach and proposals for an action plan (COM (2005) 0514).
The Report of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality
and the opinion of the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home
Affairs (A6-0400/2005).
The Protocol Amending the Slavery Convention signed at Geneva on
September 25, 1926 (1953).
The UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the
Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery (1956) .
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International Instruments
• The International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention Nº 105
concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (1957).
• The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the
Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child
pornography (2000).
• The United Nations Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime (2000).
• The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the
United Nations Convention against Transnational Crime (2000) .
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International Instruments
• The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea
and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime (2000).
• The Inter- American Convention on International Traffick in
Minors (1994)
• Resolutions on trafficking in human beings of the OAS:
- AG/RES.2148 (XXXV-0/05)- Combating the Commercial Sexual
Exploitation and Smuggling of and Trafficking in Children in the
Hemisphere.
- AG/RES.2118 (XXXV-0/05)-Fighting the Crime of Trafficking in
Persons.
- AG/RES.2116 (XXXV-0/05)- Fighting Transnational Organized
Crime Organized Crime in the Hemisphere.
- AG/RES.2050(XXXIV-0/04)- Combating the Commercial Sexual
Exploitation and Smuggling of and Trafficking in Children in the
Hemisphere.
- AG/ RES. 2026 (XXXIV-0/04) Fighting Transnational Organized
Crime in the Hemisphere.
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International Instruments
The following resolutions on trafficking of the Organization of
America States (OAS):
• AG/ RES. 2026 (XXXIV-0/04) Fighting Transnational Organized
Crime in the Hemisphere.
• AG/RES.2019 (XXXIV-0/04) Fighting the Crime of Trafficking in
persons, especially women, adolescents and Children.
• AG/RES.1948 (XXXIII-0/03) Fighting the Crime of Trafficking the
Crime of Trafficking in Persons, especially Women, Adolescents and
Children.
• AG.RES.1776 (XXXI-0/01) Support for the United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime
• AG.RES.1731 (XXX-0/00) Support for the United Nations Convention
on Transnational Organized Crime.
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¿What else can be done to fight against
trafficking in a more coordinated fashion?
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Urge the International Community States to develop a common
definition and a common legal framework for preventing and
suppressing human trafficking, taking into account the international
standards above mentioned.
Lead national and international researches on underlying the
causes of human trafficking, in particular women and children
trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation.
Urge international organization (such as the World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank
and the World Trade Organization) to financially these researches.
Take part in constant and systematic information and
awarenessraising campaigns on human trafficking for all population,
taking into acount native language and idioms.
Susana Medina de Rizzo
¿What else can be done to fight against
trafficking in a more coordinated fashion?
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Explicitly discourage the demand through educational –social and
cultural- measures.
Systematically include the human trafficking issue in different
forums and academic activities of diverse professions and
specialties.
Address to the existing connection between human trafficking and
legal and illegal immigration, taking into acount that legal migration
channels are mechanism to prevent human trafficking.
Suggest the administratives agencies to review the visas and
passports granting policy.
Be aware of the sexual and labor exploitation liaison in domestic
services provision, where young girls are brought under
dependence situations by traffickers. This situation is also
connected to slavery, illegal adoption and forced labours.
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¿What else can be done to fight against
trafficking in a more coordinated fashion?
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Carry out a close analysis of prostitution demand as a potential
generator of the human trafficking phenomenon, examining how
each state's legislation influences on the number of trafficking
victims.
Create a national and an international free of charge emergency
telephone “hotlines”, where citizens could give notice of human
trafficking. For this, intensive radial, graphic and TV campaigns
should
be
displayed.
Dealing, in an appropriate and urgent way (including new
legislation), with the problem the use of new technologies especially the Internet- to spread information on women and
children availability and demand for sexual exploitation, whose
growing influences in human trafficking increasing.
Lead the study and monitoring on the law interpretation and
enforcement of the existing instruments against human trafficking.
Furthermore, a deep analysis of international legal measures
against children and women´s trafficking should be started.
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¿What else can be done to fight against
trafficking in a more coordinated fashion?
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Create a data base.
Urge the media on creating a network.
Take part in awareness raising campaigns aimed at risk prevention
and education of the most vulnerable society sectors .
Urge the creation of laws that strengthen the prosecution and
punishment of traffickers -whether natural or legal persons-.
Urge the application of severe penalties for customers.
Encourage security forces training
Encourage education and awareness raising campaigns in primary
and secondary schools
Urge labour activities controls.
Fight money laundering
Encourage awareness raising campaigns among business
travelers.
Encourage awareness raising campaigns in the tourism industry:
ethics code.
Encourage social inclusion programs.
Susana Medina de Rizzo
¿What else can be done to fight against
trafficking in a more coordinated fashion?
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Urge the states to develop a micro credit scheme.
Urge the adoption of protecting measures for trafficking victims,
helping them to return to thei countries of origin, if requested.
Urge the administrative authorities to keep strictly record of births,
especially in underdeveloped countries.
Provide educational programs for community operators in critical
areas.
Encourage international agencies -like the UN, ILO, EC, the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the
Beijing Review Process, the Stabilty Pact for South Eastern Europe,
the G8, the Ibero- American Sumit, the International Organization
for Migration (IOM) and the UN Children´s Found (UNICEF)-, to
ensure coherence and co-ordination of its activities in all
international forums, in smuggling and trafficking prevention and
suppression.
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Conclusions
We must commit ourselfs to effectively combat this transnational crime, which
infringe millions of people fundamentals human rights in the entire world at
21st Century dawn. For this, we must be convinced that there is no peace
without justice, no justice without truth and no truth without a commitment
.
Judge Susana Medina de Rizzo
Susana Medina de Rizzo