Transcript Effect of contact and systemic insecticides used for scale pests on

Hunger Games: Enemies, Arenas
and Fighting to the Death!!
Whitney Yeary, Amy Fulcher and Bill Klingeman
University of Tennessee
Winning the Hunger Games
Arena!
Image credit: http://www.landscape-design-advisor.com/design-styles/english-country/cottage-garden
Introduction
• Insect pests cause
economically significant
damage to nursery crops
• In NC, the green industry
reported annual losses of
$91,000,000 due to insects
and diseases
NCDA. 2005. North Carolina green industry economic impact survey.
Photo credit Bambara and Baker - via Bugwood
Introduction
• Insecticides can be
useful in managing pest
problems.
• Insecticides can:
x
– Harm natural enemies
– Exacerbate secondary
pest populations
Cloyd, R. 2009. Pesticide use in ornamental plants: what are the benefits? Pest Management Science. 65:345-350
Introduction
• 50% more natural enemies and 50%
fewer spider mites with spray wand
than airblast sprayer
Data & Image Credit: Frank, S. and C. Sadof. J. Econ. Entomol. 104(6): 1960‹1968 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11124
Introduction
• Imidacloprid caused outbreaks of an
obscure spider mite on elm trees in
NYC
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes
outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• Lab expts, predators of T. schoenei
were poisoned through ingestion of
prey exposed to imidacloprid
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes
outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• Imidacloprid’s tendency to elevate
reproduction of T. schoenei also contributed to
their elevated densities on treated elms
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes
outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• 3 cover sprays/year for 4+ years had
greater scale species diversity and more
likely to be scale infested than shorter
treatment
Raupp et al.: Effects of Cover Sprays and Residual Pesticides. Journal of Arboriculture 27(4): July 2001
Introduction
• Insecticides can negatively affect natural
enemies
• Growers tell us scale pests are a relevant
problem in the nursery trade
– More than previously??
Adkins, C., G. Armel, M. Chappell, J.C. Chong, S. Frank, A. Fulcher, F. Hale, K. Ivors, W. Klingeman III, A. LeBude, J. Neal,
A. Senesac, S. White, A. Windham. 2010. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Container and Field-Produced Nursery
Crops in GA, KY, NC, SC, TN. A. Fulcher, ed. Southern Region IPM Center.
Objectives
• Investigate the effects of systemic & contact
insecticides on natural enemies to direct
contact with insecticide residue
– a worst-case exposure scenario
• Determine if systemic insecticides offer a
more sustainable insecticide choice
Materials and Methods
• Marathon II, Safari, Sevin, Talstar, water
• Sprayed on tuliptree
• Conducted two experiments:
– Lab
– Field
Lab Materials and Methods
• 3 leaves from each tree
• 10 insects /arena, CHO supply
– Minute Pirate Bug, Lady beetle, and Lacewing
Lab Materials and Methods
• 8 replicate arena/trt
• Assessed survival
every 24 h for 4 d
• Removed dead daily
Field Materials and Methods
• Attached three
arenas to each tree
(one species per
arena)
– Lady beetle, Minute
Pirate Bug, Aphidius
Field Materials and Methods
• Installed pitfall trap
at base of each tree
• Every 48 h
– Assessed survival
– Replaced 10 new
insects
Lacewing, Minute Pirate Bug,
Lady Beetle
Lacewing
Minute Pirate Bug
Lady beetle
Experiment Schedule
Sunday
1
Survival %
Monday
22
Tuesday
Wednesd
ay
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
28
Spray,
cages
29
29
30
Survival %
Survival %
3
4
5
6
7
Survival %
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Results Lab
Lacewing Survival
48 h after Applications
Insecticide
2011
Marathon II
45 b
Safari
48 b
Talstar
88 a
Sevin
25 b
Control
100 a
p-value <0.0001
2012
64 a
74 a
54 a
15 b
83 a
Lady Beetle Survival
48 h after Applications
Insecticide
Marathon II
Safari d
Talstar b
Sevin c
Control
p-value <0.0001
2011
69% a
80% a
39% b
10% c
85% a
2012
53% b
84% a
51% b
61% ab
78% a
Minute Pirate Bug Survival
48 h after Applications
Insecticide
2011
Marathon II
9c
Safari
3 c
Talstar
0 c
Sevin
38 b
Control
71 a
p-value <0.0001
2012
26 b
25 b
0c
20 bc
71 a
Lacewing Survival
96 h after Applications
Insecticide
2011
Marathon II
25 bc
Safari
35 bc
Talstar
64 ab
Sevin
21 c
Control
83 a
p-value <0.0001
2012
43 ab
61 a
24 bc
6c
59 a
Lady Beetle Survival
96 h after Applications
Insecticide
Marathon II
Safari
Talstar
Sevin
Control
p-value <0.0001
2011
21 b
62 a
26 b
1b
80 a
2012
44 abc
65 a
40 bc
31 c
61 ab
Minute Pirate Bug Survival
96 h after Applications
Insecticide
2011
Marathon II
0c
Safari
1c
Talstar
0c
Sevin
14 b
Control
39 a
p-value <0.0001
2012
6b
8b
0c
10 bc
36 a
Conclusions
• Limited study
• Worst case scenario
• Insecticide effect on beneficial insect varies with
insect species, pesticide, and times after
application
• Sevin and Talstar appear to be most toxic
• Minute Pirate Bug most affected
• Safari appears to have the least negative effect
Implications on Pest Mgt
• Augmentative Biological Control
• Where to release
• Plant density influence natural enemy survival
Implications on Pest Mgt
19
11
35
75
Hydrangea Spray Penetration
• Dense canopy
– Droplet density was reduced from 56
deposits/cm2 on the exterior position to 2
deposits/cm2 on the middle and interior positions
• 96% loss
Hydrangea Spray Penetration
• Sparse canopy
– Received 463% more coverage in the middle of
the canopy than the dense plants
• Regardless of density, the interior received
less than 1% coverage!
Beneficial Insect Survival
• Only the interior and middle positions of
dense plants protected greater than 50% of
the lady beetles
• Only the interior position of dense plants
protected greater than 50% of lacewings over
the course of the experiment
• If not lethal to natural enemies perhaps not
lethal to pest insects!
Intelligent Spray Systems
Laser sensor
• Automatic controllers
Ultrasonic sensor
– Computer program
– Signal generation and
amplification unit
– Pulse width modulated
solenoid valves
– Algorithm
Hydraulic Boom Sprayer
Test Drive
• Compared to the constant application rate of
50 gpa
– the intelligent sprayer reduced the application
rate by
• 70% in April
• 66% in May
• 52% in June
Powdery Mildew Control
• Powdery mildew rating
– Not different conventional versus intelligent
sprayers.
– Not different based on interior or outer row
Thank you!
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Funded by
Center for Applied Nursery Research
Tennessee Institute of Agriculture
Phil Flanagan, S. Evan Wilson, Casey Sullivan,
Ann Reed, Xiaocun Sun