Transcript GPS/WAAS - WrightAviation.net

Everything You
Wanted to Know
About GPS and
WAAS
Larry Oliver
FAA Flight Standards (AFS-430)
Advanced Management Technology, Inc.
Federal Aviation
Administration
Everything You
Wanted to Know
About GPS and
WAAS
(Unless you are an engineer!)
Larry Oliver
FAA Flight Standards (AFS-430)
Advanced Management Technology, Inc.
Federal Aviation
Administration
Agenda
• Basics of GPS
– Recent change to AIM, AC 90-100
– RNAV, RNP or not?
• WAAS
–
–
–
–
How it works
What can it do for me?
Approaches (LPV, LNAV/VNAV)
SIDs, STARs, Q-Routes, and T-Routes
• What’s next?
– Performance-based National Airspace System
• Q&A
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The Usual Caveats
• Valid for navigation in the US National
Airspace System
• Does not invalidate or change ANYTHING
required by your POI or in your OpSpec
• Does not supersede ANYTHING in your
POH/AFM
• Some equipment requires specific
operational mitigations
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FAA Mission
• Provide the safest, most efficient aerospace
system in the world
Navigation Services goal
• Provide safe, cost effective navigation
services to meet operational needs of the
aviation customer
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The National Airspace System
(NAS)
•
•
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18,000 airports
750 control facilities
4,000 commercial flights per day
100,000 commercial passengers per day
Plus thousands of Part 91 operations
every day
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GPS Basics
• Nominal 24 GPS satellites in low earth orbit
• Each satellite transmits data message
• Airborne receiver processes message to
determine position/velocity/time
• Navigation function; either in FMS or in GPS
(stand-alone)
• Linear, not angular
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Receiver Autonomous Integrity
Monitoring (RAIM)
• Calculates your position vs. satellites to
determine if sufficient for navigation
• Considers known satellite outages
• RAIM check for destination and alternate
• Required for GPS
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www.RAIMPrediction.net
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NOTAMS
• GPS outages
– Usually military
• Satellite outages
– Used in RAIM prediction
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With Approved GPS, I can:
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•
•
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File RNAV
Fly an LNAV approach
Fly an RNP/RNAV approach
Fly a GPS approach
• …but I can’t file a GPS alternate
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An RNAV Aircraft Can
• Substitute RNAV for VOR, ADF or DME that
is out of service
• Use as alternative means of navigation
guidance (no requirement to monitor VOR,
etc.)
• Extracted from AIM, Section 1-2-3, “Use of
RNAV Equipment on Conventional Procedures
and Routes”
– Define “Conventional”
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“Conventional” Is Not RNAV
• Older TSOC-129 boxes
– Lack sufficient database memory
– May lack ability to provide path guidance (path
terminators)
– Suitable for most operations, but not RNAV/RNP
• No restrictions on newer units
• Information on specific units under
“Policies and Guidance” at:
www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/avs/offices/
afs400/afs410
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Fly-By and Fly-Over Waypoints
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Fly-By or Fly-Over – Yes, It Is
Important
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Can I Fly An RNAV Procedure?
Answer is in AC 90-100A and online, updated table
RNAV
Q/T Routes
(Terminal)
RNAV 1
(ER)
RNAV 2
Substitution
GNS 430
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
GNS 530
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
GNS/CNX 480*
No
No
No
Yes
Unit
*Needs T2 letter of acceptance
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Regardless Of The System,
Remember That
“Pilots may not substitute for the navigational
aid providing lateral guidance for the final
approach.” (AIM, pg 1-2-6)
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Typical Conventional Arrival
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RNAV Arrival
• Not a
conventional
arrival
– Computer
generated
waypoints
– Mix of fly-over
and fly-by
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WAAS System
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How WAAS Works
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WAAS Capabilities
• Why WAAS?
– Enhances en-route navigation performance over GPS alone
– Enhances non-precision approach capability over GPS alone
– Allows WAAS equipped users to fly more than 2,891 published
LNAV/VNAV procedures to minimums as low as 300 feet
– Allows WAAS equipped users to fly new LPV procedures
- Can use GPS for an alternate (LNAV only)
• Better than 99.99% availability of system
– 200’ minimum WAAS specific approaches (LPV)
– 846 LPV approaches published, with 300 new expected
each year
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With WAAS, I can:
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•
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•
Skip the RAIM check!
Fly an LNAV/VNAV approach
Fly an LPV approach
Use GPS/WAAS entirely
• …and I can file a GPS alternate
– But using the LNAV minima line
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WAAS
• TSO-C146
“Stand-Alone
Airborne Nav
Using GPS
Augmented by
WAAS)
• TSO-C145
“Airborne Nav
Sensors Using
GPS Augmented
by WAAS”
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Instrument Approach Update
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NDBs being reduced
No new funding for ILS
Expansion of LPVs
LPV minimums of 200’
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Localizer Performance with
Vertical Guidance (LPV)
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Flies like an ILS (but better!)
Minimums down to 200’
Why isn’t it a precision approach?
What about the pilot test standards?
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Charting with LPV Minimum Line
WAAS Channel Number
WAAS Approach ID: W24A
W: WAAS
24: Runway 24
A: 1st WAAS Approach
To Rwy 24
Temperature Restriction
Does Not Apply to WAAS
Equipment
LPV Minimum Line
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LPV Production Schedule
• Currently, 846 LPV approaches
• Adding 300 per year
• On the web: gps.faa.gov
– Click button: GPS/WAAS
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Standard
Instrument
Departure
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Here is what’s
coming!
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Q-Routes
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T-Routes
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Coming Soon…
• LP approaches
• Helo point in space approaches
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Why All the Changes?
• Ask anyone who regularly flies into O’Hare,
JFK, ATL
– Capacity
– Safety
– Oh, and money!
• Seen any new airports under construction?
• Heard about the anticipated number of
VLJs?
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Nav Aid Cost
• VOR
– Install = $250,000
– 20-year life cycle cost = $1,100,000
• ILS
– Install = $1,200,000
– 20-year life cycle cost = $2,700,000
• Neither figure considers cost of real estate
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Where is this leading?
• GPS is biggest change to hit aviation since
the jet engine!
• 2007 – decision for drawdown of VORs
• My personal guess -reduce by 60% over 10
years
• NDBs are already being divested
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Performance-Based Navigation
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Complete transition by 2025
Consistent with ICAO global vision
Operational capability based on GPS and augmentations
Enhance safety, capacity, efficiency
Reduce costs
Efficient, Flexible Routing
Streamlined
Departures
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Vector -Free
Arrivals
All-Weather
Approaches
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Required Navigational
Performance (RNP)
• Major change in technical approach – not
sensor specific
• Complete “system” will be RNP certified
– Aircraft, nav system, autopilot to provide
containment and alerting
• RNP 2 miles en route, 1 mile terminal, 0.3 for
approach
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RNP 0.3
DME/DME NA
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Larry’s Forecast
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Satellite-based navigation
More takeoff-direct routing
ILS-like accuracy en route throughout the NAS
Skeleton framework of VORs as mitigation
for possible GPS jamming/obstruction
– Until we work out a jam-proof system
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In The Future, You Will:
• Have to intimately understand the workings
of your GPS receiver (to fly IFR)
– Incredibly capable, but it’s a computer!
• Spend more time as a “systems operator”
• You will either love it, or hate it, but it’s here
to stay!
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Three Major FAA Planning
Documents
• Operational Evolution Plan
– www.faa.gov/programs/OEP
• Roadmap for Performance Based
Navigation
– www.faa.gov/ats/rnp
• Next Generation Air Transport System
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The Next Generation Air
Transportation System (NextGen)
Plan Defines A System That Can Meet
Demands For The 21st Century
Trajectory-Based Operations
Performance-Based
Operations and Services
Precision Navigation
Weather Integration
Capabilities
Network-Centric
Information Sharing
Surveillance Services
Equivalent Visual Operations
Super Density Operations
Layered, Adaptive Security
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Navigation Evolution Customer
Council (NECC)
• Council made up of government and industry
members
• Created by Director of Navigation Services to:
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Implement the navigation evolution roadmap
Adjudication of roadmap comments
Develop roadmap updates
Liaison between policy-makers and the aviation
community
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• Contact me at:
[email protected]
(202)-385-4593
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GPS Inflight Problem Solving
YES
Does the Damn Thing Work?
You Idiot!!!
Don't Mess with It?
NO
YES
Should You Mess with It?
NO
NO
Hide It?
Does Anyone Else
Know How to Use It?
YES
You Poor
Idiot!!!
YES
Will You Catch Hell?
NO
NO
Can You Blame
Someone Else?
Trash It?
YES
NO
PROBLEM
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