Transcript Malvan - Indian Coast Guard

RESOURCE INFORMATION
SYSTEM - MALVAN
ICMAM-PD
CONTENTS
Programme
Development Team
Introduction
About Malvan Coast
Physico-chemical parameters
Biodiversity – An Overview
Status of biodiversity – 1998-99
Fisheries
Socio-economic status
Threats
Management Suggestions
Conclusion
ICMAM-PD
Malvan Coast
Malvan is situated in Sindhudurg district,
the southern most part of Maharashtra,
approximately 35 km from the MumbaiGoa National Highway No.17.
Malvan coast forms a part of the Western
Ghats where Sahyadri ranges meet the
Arabian sea. From Vengurla point, the
coast winds towards North for about 22
km.
Malvan is an open coastal ecosystem
dominated by rocky outcrops with
intermittent sandy beaches extending to
an area of about 6 sq. km.
Malvan coast consists of different habitats
viz., rocky island, inter-tidal sandy and
rocky shores, coral reefs, mangroves and
estuaries.
ICMAM-PD
Malvan – Marine Sanctuary
The marine biodiversity in
the
region
has
been
reported to be relatively rich
and hence the Govt. of
Maharashtra has declared a
part of Malvan coastal
waters as Marine Sanctuary
in 1987.
The total area of marine
sanctuary is about 29 sq.
km.
Video clipping
ICMAM-PD
Boundaries of Marine Sanctuary
CORE ZONE
The core zone covering the area of Sindhudurg Fort, Padamaged island
along with submerged/exposed rocks extend to about 3 sq.km.
BUFFER ZONE
The Buffer Zone is approximately 25 sq. km
North
Sout
h
East
Wes
t
The North East border of the Buffer
Zone is about 50 m from the sea
shore near Malvan Port.
Area covering the buffer zone near
“Mandal Rock” of Malvan Port.
Semi-circular sandy beach about
500 m parallel to the shore at Malvan
Core zone
The buffer zone area touching the
area of Malvan Rock.
ICMAM-PD
Malvan – Marine Sanctuary
ICMAM-PD
Topography
The Malvan coastline is
marked by rocky islands,
oyster
rocks,
rocky
promontaries, sandy beaches
and mud flat-mangroves (in the
environs of Karli and Kolamb
creek).
ICMAM-PD
Geomorphology
The
Malvan
coast
mainly consists of
granites and gneiss
and
laterite beds.
The
most
striking
feature of the beach is
littoral concrete or
beach
rock
which
continues over long
stretches. In some
regions, the rocky
beach occurs as a rim
enclosing
marshy
islands.
ICMAM-PD
LANDUSE/LANDCOVER
Of the total land area (5
sq. km.), the human
settlement
with
coconut
plantation
occupies 32%, upland
with/without
shrub
26%, forest cover 15%,
mangroves 1%, mudflat
4%, agriculture land
8%, rocky islands 1%
and
the
remaining
fallow lands, irrigation
tanks, water bodies,
etc.
ICMAM-PD
Types of Habitat – Rocky Shore
The rocky coastline of
Malvan
is
primarily
composed of sedimentary
rocks, which are soft and
easily eroded by both wave
and wind action, providing
a
suitable
niche
for
burrowing animals. Many
crevices and cracks in the
rock structure serve as
shelters,
feeding
and
breeding grounds for many
invertebrates and act as
substrata for marine algae
particularly seaweeds.
ICMAM-PD
Intertidal and Sub-tidal Habitats
The inter-tidal zone along the Malvan
coast is characterised by different types
of ecological habitats such as rocky
islands, rocky shore, open sandy beach
and mangrove forests. Corals were found
in the inter-tidal and sub-tidal regions of
the rocky substratum.
In
Malvan,
sandy
beaches
are
interspersed
with
rock
formations
extending over a considerable distance
into the sea and forming small bay.
During low tide the exposed areas of the
bay have large rocky pools with rocks
partially exposed. The inter-tidal and subtidal areas are rich in flora and fauna.
ICMAM-PD
Physico-chemical Parameters
Kolamb Creek
Salinity

Transect 3
DO
Malvan
SPM

Nitrite
Nitrate
Phosphate
Silicate
Transect 2
Sindhudurg Fort
(Rocky island)
 Transect 1
Marine water quality monitoring is required to predict changes
in the quality of a particular marine environment, so that
curative or preventive measures could be taken to restore and
maintain the ecological balance in the habitats. Physicochemical parameters were studied during (1998-99) premonsoon and post-monsoon seasons.
Click on individual parameters.
ICMAM-PD
Biodiversity – An Overview
Malvan is one of the biologically
richest
coastal
regions
in
Maharashtra. Earlier reports on
the marine fauna of Malvan
pertain to sea anemones,
molluscs, polychaetes, pearl
oyster and corals. Marine fauna
of the rocky, sandy and muddy
shores of Malvan comprises 367
species belonging to 173 genera
(97 families, 16 classes and 9
Phyla). Forty major animal
groups including corals and pearl
oysters, 73 species of seaweed
and 18 species of mangroves
were recorded during 1981.
ICMAM-PD
Marine Organisms recorded from the Malvan Coast
during different periods
Sl.
No
.
Groups
1981
*
199899**
1.
Phytoplankton
-
58
2.
Zooplankton
-
36
3.
Foraminifera
-
33
4.
Porifera
2
-
5.
Cnidaria (excluding
corals)
20
-
6.
Corals
9
11
7.
Annelida
47
15
8.
Sipunculoidea
1
-
9.
Echiuroidea
1
-
10
.
Arthropoda
47
7
11
.
Mollusca
70
16
* A.H. Parulekar, NIO, 1981, ** GIS-ICMAM, NIO, Report-2000
12
.
Echinodermata
5
1
13
Pisces
74
52
ICMAM-PD
Overall status of Marine organisms
recorded during 1998-99
Totally 279 species
were recorded,
comprising 58 species
of Phytoplankton, 36
species of
Zooplankton, 83
species of Benthic
organisms, 52 species
of Fishes, 32 species
of Seaweed and 18
species of Mangroves.
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Benthos
Click on individual group for overall distribution
Seaweed
Foraminifera
Polychaetes
Coral
Mangroves
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Phytoplankton
Kolamb Creek
In the present study (1998-99) 58 species of
Phytoplankton were recorded (49 species of
Bacillariophyceae, 8 species of Dinophyceae
and 1 Cyanophyceae). The species diversity
was high during pre-monsoon season (43
species recorded) compared to postmonsoon season. The maximum diversity
and density were observed during premonsoon, when salinity was at its peak. The
density ranged from 5000 to 21,10,000
cells/l.
Overall
Malvan
Sindhudurg Fort
(Rocky island)
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Zooplankton
Kolamb Creek
24
6
4
2
In the present study, 9 groups of
Zooplankton were recorded. The Copepods
constituted one of the most dominant taxa of
Zooplankton.
Totally 34 species of Copepods comprising
24 species of Calanoida, 6 species of
Cyclopoida and 4 species of Harpacticoida
and 2 species of Cladocera were recorded.
The maximum species diversity was
observed during pre-monsoon season which
could be attributed to optimal salinity (35
ppt) and high density of phytoplankton.
Overall
Malvan
Sindhudurg Fort
(Rocky island)
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Foraminifera
2
1
3
2
2
1
3
11
6
2
Totally 33 species of foraminiferans were recorded
during 1998-99. The dominant species were
Quinqueloculina, Triloculina, Nonion and Ammonia.
The species diversity was higher in the intertidal
zone (32 species) in September ’98 when compared
to May ’99 (24 species).
Overall
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Corals
Corals are found attached on the
rocky substratum in inter-tidal and
sub-tidal regions. The density was
sparse, hardly exceeding 1-2
colonies per sq. m. All the colonies
were of encrusting type and the
height of the colonies rarely
exceeded 5 cm. Only Hermotypic
corals were found.
11 species of corals were recorded,
viz., Coscinarea sp. Cyphastrea sp.,
Favites
sp.,
Goniastrea
sp.,
Goniopora sp., Porites lichens,
Porites lutea, Pseudosiderastrea
sp., Synerea sp., Tubastrea sp. and
Turbinaria
sp.
Among
them
Turbinaria, Tubastrea, Porites lutea
and Porites lichen were the
dominant species.
Video clipping
Coral distribution
ICMAM-PD
Factors affecting the coral distribution
At all the three locations (namely Sarjikot, Rajkot and Mouth of Kolamb
Creek) where corals were found, the wave action was strong and
hence at the low tide the water in the rock pools was fairly turbid. On
an average suspended particulate load in the water was 120 mg/l,
which is very high compared to other coral reef locations like Gulf of
Mannar where a suspended sediment value of 20 mg/l was observed
during 1998.
In the inter-tidal zone, salinity decreased to <15 ppt for several months
in a year due to heavy river discharge which brings an enormous
amount of sediment into these waters through land run off. Therefore,
the occurrence of hermatypic corals in the sub-tidal zone is interesting
because of their ecological adaptations to change in salinity and
turbidity.
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Benthos
1
Polychaeta
12
15
Crustacea
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Stelleroidea
4
7
Totally 39 species of benthic organisms
were recorded comprising 15 species of
Polychaetes, 12 species of Gastropods, 7
species of Crustaceans, 4 species of
Bivalves and one species of Stelleroidea.
Overall
ICMAM-PD
Distribution of Seaweeds
11
9
12
The seaweeds are important as they provide shelter and act
as nursery grounds for commercially important organisms.
In the present observations, 32 species of seaweeds were
reported, comprising 11 species of Chlorophyceae, 9
species of Phaeophyceae and 12 species of Rhodophyceae.
More number of species were observed during pre-monsoon
compared to post-monsoon season. The distribution of
seaweeds varied with zonation. Ulva and Chaetomorpha sp.
were observed at upper littoral zone, Caulerpa, Bryopsis,
Hypnea, Padina, Gracilaria, Gelidiopsis were found in midlittoral zone, and Sargassum and Gracilaria sp. in lower
littoral zone. The seaweeds from sub-tidal region were
dominated by Caulerpa peltata, Sargassum ilicifolium,
Amphiroa tragilissima, Padina tetrastomatica, Spatoglossum
asperum and Stocheosporum marginatum.
Overall
ICMAM-PD
Mangrove
In Malvan, 18 species of
mangroves were recorded
in Kolamb creek region.
The dominant species are
Avicennia sp., Rhizophora
sp.,
Ceriops
sp.,
Lumnitzera
sp.,
and
Aegiceras sp.
Mangroves extend to an
area of about 30 ha, out of
which degraded area was
about 1.5 ha in Kolamb
creek.
Overall
Data
ICMAM-PD
Mangrove species distribution in Malvan
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Rhizophora mucronta
Sonneratia alba
S. papetala
Avicennia alba
A. marina var
A. officinalis
Ceriops tagal
Lumnitzera racemosa
Aegiceras corniculatum
Excoecria agallocha
Acanthus ilicifolus
Derris heterophylla
Sesuvium portulacastrum
Aleuropus lagopoides
Salvadora persica
Stenophyllus sp.
Thesepesia populnea
Clerodendrum inerme
ICMAM-PD
Fisheries
Malvan is one of the important fishing centres
on the West coast. Mackerel and oil-sardine
constitute the major fishery in the West Coast
of India. There are four fishing hamlets in the
coastal area of Malvan, viz., – Dhuriwada,
Medha, Rewatala and Wairi-dandi. There are
about 175 mechanised crafts and 227 country
boats, operating in the Malvan coast. The
major gears being operated are trawl nets,
purse seines, gill nets, dol nets and hook and
line. Coastal waters of Malvan support good
demersal fishery. It contributes to a sizeable
portion of the demersal fish production of the
Sindhudurg district. The major fish landed in
Malvan comprise, elasmobranchs, clupeids,
bombay duck, carangids, sardines, ribbon
fish, mackerel, seer fish, pomfret, tunas,
penaeid and non-penaeid shrimp, lobsters,
crabs and squids.
Total fish catch during 1999-2000 was 13,433
tonnes.
Data
ICMAM-PD
Fish catch data (1999-2000)
(in tonnes)
Sl. No.
Groups
1999-2000
Sl. No.
Groups
1999-2000
1
Elasmobranchs
73
11
Black pomfret
117
2
Eels
1
12
Mackerel
5117
3
Cat-fishes
80
13
Seer fish
504
4
Wolf-herrings
148
14
Mackerel (small)
115
5
Sardines
880
15
Leiognathus
148
6
Clupeides
8
16
Carangids small
4859
7
Ribbon fish
57
17
Penaeid Prawns
41
8
Otolithus
993
18
Cuttle fish
138
9
Carangids
56
19
Miscellaneous
67
10
Pomfret
31
Total
13433
Source: Assistant Director of Fisheries, Malvan-2000.
ICMAM-PD
Tourism
Malvan is known for its historical heritage and scenic beauty
and hence has a good potential for tourism development. It
is famous for the Sindhudurg Fort, standing in open sea
constructed by the Maratha King Chatrapati Shivaji in the
16th century. The fort is declared as a national monument and
is under the control of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Several tourists visit this place every year.
ICMAM-PD
Socio – Economic Status
There are four fishing villages along the Malvan Coast, they are
Pirawadi, Sarjekot, Dhuriwada and Dhandi.
Fishermen Population
-
1854
No. of active fishermen
-
541
No. of fishermen houses
-
375
% of literacy
-
40%
No. of crafts
(i) Mechanised boats
(ii) Country boats
-
175
227
Average income of fishermen
- Rs.85/day
Type of gears - Trawl net, purse seines, gill nets,
dol nets and hook & line.
Other occupation – Agriculture,
mining, processing plant, etc.
livestock,
ICMAM-PD
Major threats to Biodiversity
The entire ecosystem is unique with 281 species of
flora and fauna(1998-99). Following are the major
threats identified in the Malvan coast.
Intensive
trawling
around the coast.
operation
Rampani fishing activity in core
zone areas.
Over exploitation of juveniles.
Illicit felling of Mangrove trees.
ICMAM-PD
Suggestions for Resource Management
 Strict enforcement should be taken for preservation of core
zone areas.
 Strict enforcement of Marine Fishing Regulation Act and its
provisions which specify/restrict use of certain gears, net
size, etc., for minimizing damage to fishing of brood stock
and juvenile.
 There should be an uniform zonation for fishing by the
traditional fishermen and the mechanized fishermen in the
adjoining coastal states.
 Creation of awareness and capacity building through
training among the coastal communities to accomplish
sustainable utilisation of the marine living resources.
ICMAM-PD
CONCLUSION
Mapping of coral and mangrove
distribution using remote sensing and GIS
has demonstrated that these tools can be
reliably used for long-term monitoring and
management of Malvan coast.
ICMAM-PD