Transcript Chapter 7: Digital Images
Section III: Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Learner Objectives
At the completion of study, learners will be able to
: – – –
use terminology
associated with digital images
acquire digital images
using a
digital camera
,
scanner
,
CD/DVD collection
,
the Web
,
screenshot
–
examine lesson plans
teaching and learning that incorporate digital images into –
develop a lesson activity (curriculum connection)
with state curriculum standards and requires students to use digital images to promote their learning that aligns –
discuss research pictures
related to the
effective use of images or
in teaching and learning
determine ethical and legal uses of digital images
an electronic environment and files in –
examine methods for adapting
with special learners and using digital materials
Frameworks: What we know
Substantial research dedicated to the use of pictures and their effect on learning.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
• Learning is enhanced when pictures: –
are effective
•
related to text
and
assist understanding the text
•
learner understands the purpose
–
have a function
•
illustrate or emphasize a particular point
• Greatly enhances learning for
students with special needs
Frameworks: What we know
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
There are five primary learning functions pictures can serve in instructional materials and all have different impacts on learning : that
1. Decoration 2. Representation 3. Organization 4. Interpretation 5. Transformation
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
•
Frameworks: What we know
Images used for decoration typically have no direct relationship to the text. . .
Purpose
–
Break up the text
to make more appealing to the reader but have no impact on learning •
Example
:
Frameworks:What we know
Images used for representation purposes “represent” objects or activities in the text.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
•
Purpose
:
Assist reader’s understanding
concepts.
of complex or unfamiliar
Example
: Document camera
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Frameworks: What we know
Organizational
images relate step-by-step
and how-to explanations
to the reader.
processes QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Frameworks: What we know
Interpretational images provide the reader with assistance in understanding or interpreting abstract or difficult information
• Images used for interpretation purposes
provide a visual concept
.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Frameworks: What we know
Images used for transformation enhancing) pictures.
aid the reader in transforming the text information by viewing pictures using application of mnemonic (memory
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
used to teach science students
that a roundworm (trichina) is found in uncooked pork and can make people sick.
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Digital Images
A digital image is comprised of many tiny squares called pixels (short for picture elements
) – Each pixel represents a tiny portion of the image. . . as a
tonal value
(
black, white, shades of gray or color
) – An entire image or picture is
similar to a mosaic
with each tile being a pixel Pixel
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Obtaining Digital Images
Various methods are used for obtaining digital images. .
.
1. Digital cameras • Most popular 2. Scanners • scan books or photos or text 3. CD/DVD collections • clip art and photos 4. Web collections • clip art and photos 5. Screenshots • taken of the computer screen
Basics: Digital Image Resolution
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Resolution is the number of pixels per unit of measurement. Resolution is measured differently in different output devices.
– Computer monitor
: pixels per inch on the display
• High resolutions (pixel count)
not needed
– Printer output resolution:
pixels per inch on paper
• High resolution is needed
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Digital Camera Resolution
Resolution available in a digital camera is related to the camera’s megapixels.
– Measured as pixels captured by the digital camera – Determine how the picture will ultimately be used.
– Most cameras allow
several resolution settings
. – But
no standard imaging
terms used • Some use
small
,
medium
and
large
• • Some use resolution choices in
pixel dimensions
.
Most current
gives resolution in numbers and image size resolution in owner’s manual.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Digital Camera parts
Camera models have basic parts that are fundamental to using the camera effectively.
1. Power on/off button 2. Camera modes 3. Optical viewfinder 4. LCD screen 5. Camera lens 6. Shutter 7. Flash 8. Memory Sources 9. Power Sources 10. Connectivity
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Camera modes
Digital cameras typically have two modes that are important when the camera is used.
– Record mode • Take photos in this mode • Access the menu to select any settings such as resolution for your photo.
• Make adjustments such as flash and zoom – Playback mode works with the LCD • View images • Erase unwanted images – May have a video mode • Record simple and brief videos.
Basics: Viewfinder or LCD?
Digital cameras have a viewfinder and most have an LCD window.
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
• • • • • Optical viewfinder The small window located on back of camera Uses no power Not part of the lens so not accurate LCD screen – Small screen lat the back of camera – Used for previewing – More accurate than viewfinder – Drains battery power quickly
Basics: Camera Lenses
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
The camera lens let in light.
serves as the eye of the camera to
Camera lens – Made of plastic or
glass
– Differ in quality and ability distances to take pictures at – Fixed focus: cannot vary focal length – Zoom lenses: allow to
vary focal length
** • •
Digital zoom Optical zoom
**
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Shutter and Flash
The shutter and flash are key controls for good photos.
Shutter – Lets
light into lens when pressed
– Shutter lag • Causing blurry photos Flash – Control on light shown on the photo – Avoid “ red eye ” by NOT shooting in low light conditions
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Memory Sources
Digital cameras need a memory source to store images.
– Fixed memory • Limited amount of “ONBOARD” memory – Removable memory • Offers more space • Can be erased and reused • Easy transfer from camera to computer • Various types –
Compact flash
cards –
SmartMedia
cards –
Memory Sticks
(Sony cameras only)
Power Sources
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Digital cameras are dependent on either batteries or and AC adaptor for power.
Batteries – Manual will specify type • Lithium ion (LiIon) batteries are the best • AA batteries (Get NiMH (nickel metal hydride) • Get a charger for either type to recharge AC adaptor – Gets power from electrical plug – Rarely included with camera purchase – Movement area is limited to cord length
Connectivity
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Transferring images from the camera to the computer for editing , printing or storing has become very easy.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Four methods are used to connect
to the computer:
through a USB
or
Firewire cable/port through a card reader through a dock wireless connection
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Saving Digital files
The file types are recommended for different types of images and how they will be output.
– JPEG -
Joint Photographic Experts Group
• Supports full color • Good for photos • Cameras save in jpeg • Lossy compression • Used for the Web – GIF -
Graphics Interchange Format
• Supports 256 distinct colors • Small files • Used for the Web • Lossless compression
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Basics: Saving Digital files (cont’d)
– TIFF - Tagged Image File Format • Scans typically saved in tiff files • Large files • Used for print-based documents • Lossy using JPEG compression • Lossless compression using LSW compression – PNG - Portable Network Graphics • Supports full color • Small files • Used for the Web • Not recognized by older browsers • Lossless compression
Purchasing Decisions for Cameras
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Five considerations guide the purchase of a digital camera for home or the classroom.
– Budget – Image quality – Image storage – Connectivity – Battery life
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images
Curriculum Connections
Connect the use of digital images to the curriculum in a lesson that places your students in an active role.
On the Web: Digital Images for many ideas!
Voices in the Classroom
Vicki Wells
Elementary teacher (inner city)
Section III:
Using Visual Learning Tools to Enhance Learning
Chapter 7:
Digital Images