Transcript PASTURE MANAGEMENT vs. ECTOPARASITES

PASTURE MANAGEMENT
vs. ECTOPARASITES

Ticks (เห็บ)



Boophilus microplus
Hyalomma spp.
Lice (เหา)
 Biting lices
(Mallophages)
Damalinia bovis, Damalinia
ovis

 Mites
Sucking lices
(Anoplura) Linognathus
sp., Haematopinus sp.




(หมัด)
Sacroptes sp.
Psoroptes sp.
Chorioptic sp.
Biting flies (แมลงวัน เจาะดูด)




Haematobia spp. (horn
flies, buffalo flies)
Glossina spp. (tsetse flies)
Similium spp. (black
flies)
Tabanidae (march flies)
PASTURE MANAGEMENT
vs. ECTOPARASITES
Culicidae (mosquitoes)
 Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)
 Calliphoridae (myiasis flies)
 Oestridae & Gastropiphilidae
Stomoxys calcitran, Tabanus spp.
(screw-worm flies, sheep blow-flies
bot and warble flies)

อันตรายจากพยาธิภายนอก

กัด ดูดเลือด รบกวนการพักผ่ อน

เป็ นพาหะของโรค และจุลนิ ทรีย์อนื่

อาจปล่ อย สารพิษสู่ สัตว์

นาโรคติดต่ อสู่ คน
Internal Parasite Disease
 Nematodes

พยาธิตัวกลม
Haemonchus contortus
พยาธิปากขอ
Ostertagia ostertagi
 Trichostrongylus axei
 Cooperia oncophora
 Dictyocaulus viviparus
พยาธิในปอด
 Strongyloides papillosus
พยาธิเส้นด้าย

Trichostronglus
colubriformis
 Haemonchus
circumcincta
 Nematodirus spathiger
 Dictyocaulus filaria พยาธิ
ในปอด
 Oesophagostomos
columbianum

Internal Parasite Disease
 Trematodes
พยาธิใบไม้
Liver fluke : Fasiola hepatica
 Rumen fluke : Paramphistomum spp.

 Cestodes

พยาธิตัวตืด พยาธิตัวแบน
Moniezia spp., Stilesia spp ., Avitellina spp.
 Coccidiosis

โปรโตซัว
Eimeria zurrnii, E. auburnensis, E. bovis
PASTURE MANAGEMENT
vs. ENDOPARASITES
• Damage to the abomasum
• Damage to the intestine
ปัจจัยทีม่ ีผลต่ อปริ มาณพยาธิ
 Parasite host interaction
size of population
 growth activity
 host condition / host resistance
(breed and nutritional status)

 Climate
moisture
 temperature
 daylength

Pasture species vs thick larvae
 Milinis
minutriflora, Pennisetum clandestinum,
Cynodon dactylon < Brachiaria decumbens,
Hyparena rufa, Andropogon gayanus
 Stylosanthes scabra cv. seca, S. viscosa have
less lavar than other legumes
 why ?




toxic exudate from plants
less contact between plant and animal
less humidity in plant community
good pasture nutrition
life cycle of paarsite
Larval availability
survival
host finding
Cattle density (stocking rate)
host resistance
& movement
Thick challenge
feed & mating
engorge female thick
Stage of pasture
eeg laying
development
survival
Host resistance
Control measures
dipping / spraying
Degree of immunity or resistance
Temporary loss of Immunity
• Lactation
• Poor nutrition
• Absence of larval challenge
• Genotype
• Persistance
challenge
• Good nutrition
• Genotype
• Lack of larval challenge
• Poor nutrition
The general factor responsible for variation in host resistance to parasite
Energy retention (ER)
A = PARASITE REDUCE IN EFFICIENCY OF USE OF ME
B = PARASITE RDEDUCE FEED INTAKE (MILD INFECTION)
C = SEVERE INFECTION ANIMALS
A
B
C
MEm ; Metabolizable Energy intake (MEI)
Moistur
e
SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN
Rate of larval survival
heat tolerance sp.
cold tolerance sp.
SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN
SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN
Infective larvae on pasture
Temp.
Rate of larval development
Climatic factor affect on larvae development, survival and infection
SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN
Boophilus microplus on Bos indicus x
B. tanrus
Latitude
19o
23o
27o
Jan-Mar.
12
37
13
Apr-Jun. Jul-Sep
30
30
58
15
44
7
Oct-Dec.
35
49
1
hot&wet
warm
senescence
pasture
warm&dry
with strom
cool&dry
Vertical distribution
of infective larvae
on herbage
Horizontal distribution
of infective larvae
on herbage
pasture height (cm)
decreasing
10
5
0
25
50
75 % frequency
•rest
•rotational
grazing
adult
Soil / Plant /Water
egg / larvae
Infection cycle of parasite in the systems
•cut
•plowing
•draining
•burning
to control parasite vai pasture management
 change
animal density (stocking rate)
 rotation
 rest
pasture or pasture spelling
 burning
 deferred
 change
grazing
type of host (animal) ; Zebu is
more resistance to thick than european
breed
References
Humphreys, L.R. 1978. Tropical Pasture and Fodder
Crops. Longman Gr. Essex. 135 pp.
Humphreys, L.R. 1994. Tropical Forages: Their Role in
Sustainable Agriculture. Longman Sci. & Tech. Essex.
414 pp.
Lazenby, A. 1988. The grass crop in perspective:
selection, plant performance and animal production.
in (Jones, M.B. and Lazenby, A. eds) The Grass Crop:
The Physiology Basis of Production. Chapman and
Hall. London: 369 pp. (SB197 G77 1988)
References
Nicol, A.M. 1987. Feeding Livestock on Pasture. New
Zealand Society of Animal Production. Ruakura
Agricultural Research Centre, Private bag. Hamilton:
145 pp.
Sutherst, S.W. 1987. Ectoparasites and herbivore
nutrition. in (Hacker, J.B. and Ternouth, J.H. eds) The
Nutrition of Herbivores. Academic Press. Sydney:
191- 209.
Sykes, A.R. 1987. Endoparasites and herbivore
nutrition. in (Hacker, J.B. and Ternouth, J.H. eds) The
Nutrition of Herbivores. Academic Press. Sydney:
211-232.