Transcript Contingency Diagramming Part 2

Table of Contents.
Click me to begin Part 2. Or you can review by clicking
a test.
60” Test
Related Outcomes Test
Response-Unit Test
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
1
SixtySecond Test
Does the outcome
follow the response
by more than sixty
seconds?
2
Rudolph the rat is in the Skinner
Box. The trainer delivers a drop of
water one day after Rudolph
presses the lever.
Before
Behavior
After
Rudolph has
no drop of
water
Rudolph
presses the
lever
Rudolph has a
drop of water
one day later
How about this contingency?
Will the water reinforce the lever
press?
Not a chance.
3
The trainer changes the strategy;
now Rudolph receives the water
one hour after his lever press.
Before
Behavior
After
Rudolph has
no drop of
water
Rudolph
presses the
lever
Rudolph has a
drop of water
one hour
later
Is an hour delay better?
Will the water reinforce the
lever press?
Still not a chance.
4
A two-month old baby smiles and
her father gives her attention,
one day later.
Before
Behavior
After
Baby
receives no
attention
Baby smiles
Baby
receives
attention one
day later
How about this contingency?
Will the attention reinforce the
smile?
You guessed it, still not a chance.
5
For an outcome to reinforce
or punish a response,
It must pass the 60 second
test; it must follow the
behavior by no more than 60
seconds
6
This contingency is not correct.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob does not
have an A in
psychology
Bob studies
right up to
test-time
Bob has an A
in psychology
7
Even the quickest of teachers will not
have Bobby’s test graded
within 60 seconds of the end of studying.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob does not
have an A in
psychology
Bob studies
right up to
test-time
Bob has an A
in psychology
So the delay from the studying until he
sees his A is greater than 60 seconds.
8
Even though, when you
do well on a test after
studying
you seem to study
more in the future,
this is not a directacting reinforcement
contingency.
Don’t give up on
behavior analysis yet
because, later on, you
will learn about
analogs
to basic reinforcement
contingencies.
But now, you have to
get the basics down
for basic
contingencies.
9
Click the button next to the contingency
that passes the 60 second test.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob reads
EPB Monday
night
A
Bob gets a
token
Tuesday
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob answers
questions in
class
B
Bob
immediately
gets a token
Click me if you want
to see the Pink Sheet
10
9. 60” Test
Does the outcome follow the
response by more than 60 seconds?
If so, find an outcome that follows
sooner.
Click me to go back
to the Question
11
No, the token is delivered a day after the
reading behavior.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob reads
EPB Monday
night
A
Bob gets a
token
Tuesday
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob answers
questions in
class
B
Bob
immediately
gets a token
12
Correct.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob reads
EPB Monday
night
A
Bob gets a
token
Tuesday
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has no
tokens
Bob answers
questions in
class
B
Bob
immediately
gets a token
13
Click the button next to the contingency
that passes the 60 second test.
Before
Behavior
After
Dale will
have no
ticket
Dale drives
over the
speed limit
A
Dale will have
a ticket in a
few minutes
Before
Behavior
After
Dale does
not see the
speedometer
pass 55
Dale pushes
the pedal
Dale does see
the
speedometer
pass 55 14
B
No, it takes more than 60” from the
response to the outcome of a ticket
Before
Behavior
After
Dale will
have no
ticket
Dale drives
over the
speed limit
A
Dale will have
a ticket
in a few
minutes.
Before
Behavior
After
Dale does
not see the
speedometer
pass 55
Dale pushes
the pedal
Dale does see
the
speedometer
pass 55 15
B
Correct, even though he may immediately know he will have
a ticket, the outcome of actually receiving the ticket
follows the response by more than 60”
Before
Behavior
After
Dale will
have no
ticket
Dale drives
over the
speed limit
A
Dale will have
a ticket in a
few minutes.
Before
Behavior
After
Dale does
not see the
speedometer
pass 55
Dale pushes
the pedal
Dale does see
the
speedometer
pass 55 16
B
Did you see the use of future tense?
Don’t be caught making the mistake in
thinking that it passes the test because
he immediately knows he will have a ticket
(he even knows it will cost money later
too). Ask yourself when the observable
outcome (ticket or money) is delivered,
not when he “knows” when it will be
delivered.
17
Related
Outcomes Test
Is the before condition
related to the after
condition?
19
This seems like a vague concept, but a
couple examples will help you understand.
Before
Behavior
After
Teacher
announces
nap time
Bob calls the
teacher a
jerk
Bob loses
some tokens
This contingency is not correct.
The before condition
is not related to the after condition. 20
While this incorrect example seems like a
likely order of events, it is not a correct
contingency.
Before
Behavior
After
Teacher
announces
nap time
Bob calls the
teacher a
jerk
Bob loses
some tokens
A common error students make when writing
contingencies
is to simply specify three events that occur
21
over a period of time.
While this incorrect example seems like a
likely order of events, it is not a correct
contingency.
Before
Behavior
After
Teacher
announces
nap time
Bob calls the
teacher a
jerk
Bob loses
some tokens
Just because you’ve specified three
conditions that occur in order,
it does not necessarily represent a
contingency.
22
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has all
of his tokens
Bob calls the
teacher a
jerk
Bob loses
some tokens
Teacher
announces
nap time
This contingency is correct.
The before condition
is related to the after condition.
23
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has all
of his tokens
Bob calls the
teacher a
jerk
Bob loses
some tokens
Teacher
announces
nap time
This is a sequence of conditions, but the
before helps reflect the change caused by
the behavior.
24
Before
Behavior
After
Mom makes
liver for
dinner
Bob gives his
dinner to
the dog
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
Does this pass the related-outcomes test?
A. Yes
B. No
25
Before
Behavior
Mom makes
Bob gives his
liver for
dinner to
the before condition
dinner No,
the dog
of mom making dinner is
Does this
A. Yes
B. No
not related to the after
of Bob losing his
allowance
pass the
related-outcomes
After
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
test?
26
Before
Behavior
After
Mom makes
liver for
dinner
Bob gives his
dinner to
the dog
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
Does this passRight!
the The
related-outcomes
test?
before
condition is not
A. Yes
related to the
after condition.
B. No
27
Before
Behavior
After
Mom makes
liver for
dinner
Bob gives his
dinner to
the dog
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
This contingency is not correct.
The before condition
is not related to the after condition.
28
Before
Mom makes
liver for
dinner
Mom will pay
Bob’s allowance
Behavior
After
Bob gives his
dinner to
the dog
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
This contingency is correct.
The before condition
is related to the after condition.
29
Now it is clear Bobby would have received his
allowance, if he hadn’t fed his dinner to the dog.
Before
Mom makes
liver for
dinner
Mom will pay
Bob’s
allowance
Behavior
After
Bob gives his
dinner to
the dog
Mom will not
pay Bob’s
allowance
30
When we talk about
the outcomes of a
behavioral
contingency being
related,
we mean that the
before condition is
somehow changed by
the behavior,
resulting in the after
condition.
The behavior
causes the after
condition (the
consequences)
and the before
condition can
typically, but
loosely,
be considered the
opposite of that
after condition.
31
The before condition is the way things
would have remained
had the particular behavior not occurred.
It is not simply anything that occurred right
before the behavior;
it must somehow be related to the after
condition.
32
Here’s another
illustration.
Bobby Brat
wants some of
Nice Norman’s
candy,
so he say’s “give
me your lunch.”
33
When Norman
refuses,
Bobby
immediately
picks up
Norman’s lunch
box
and throws it.
34
Norman cries,
and Bobby picks
up all the candy.
35
Before
Behavior
After
Bobby wants
Norman’s
candy
Bobby says,
“give me
your lunch.”
Bobby has
candy
Does this pass the related-outcomes test? Are the
before and after condition opposites?
A. Yes
36
B. No
Before
Bobby wants
Norman’s
candy
Behavior
After
Bobby says,
Bobby eats
“give me
Norman’s
candy
Wantingyour
candy lunch.”
is not the opposite of having
candy. Not wanting could be the opposite of
wanting (but we make little use of the term wants as
you’ll see later in the course).
Does this pass the related-outcomes
test? Are the
before and after condition opposites?
A. Yes
37
B. No
Before
Behavior
Bobby wants
Bobby says,
Norman’s
“give me
wanting candy is not the
candy Right,
your lunch.”
opposite of having candy. Not
wanting could be the opposite of
wanting (but we make little use of the
After
Bobby has
candy
term wants
you’ll see later in the
Does this pass
theasrelated-outcomes
test? Are the
course).
before and after condition opposites?
A. Yes
38
B. No
Before
Behavior
After
?
Bobby
throws the
lunchbox
Bobby has
candy
A. Bobby demands candy
B. Bobby has no candy
C. Norman refuses to give candy
Click me if you want39to
see the Pink Sheet
Click me to go back
to the Question
2. Related Outcomes Test
Is the before condition related to
the after condition? (Often the
relationship is one of opposites.)
If not, change one or both of the
conditions.
Click me to go back
to the Question
40
Before
?
Behavior
No, remember that
the before
Bobby and after
conditions
throws
theare
usually opposites.
lunchbox
After
Bobby has
candy
A. Bobby demands candy
B. Bobby has no candy
C. Norman refuses to give candy
41
Before
Behavior
After
?
Bobby
throws the
lunchbox
Bobby has
candy
A. Bobby demands candy
B. Bobby has no candy
C. Norman refuses to give candy
No, remember that
the before and after
conditions are
usually opposites.
42
Before
Bobby has no
candy
Behavior
After
Yes, has no candy reflects
Bobby
Bobby
the change to the
after has
throws the
candy
condition. And, Bobby
demands candy is not the
lunchbox
opposite of Bobby has candy.
A. Bobby demands candy
B. Bobby has no candy
C. Norman refuses to give candy
43
Response-Unit
Test
Are there any interruptions
of
greater than 60 seconds
during the
response?
44
Jaci has an entire
research paper to
write
and she finishes
the entire paper
in three days
of hard work.
45
What do you think of this contingency?
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
46
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
Do you think Jaci (or anyone else) could write for 3
days without any interruptions greater than
60 seconds?
A. Yes
47
B. No
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
No, even though we may say someone
writes for three days does that really
mean they continually wrote without
(or
else) could
anyanyone
interruptions?—Of
coursewrite
not.
Do you think Jaci
days without any interruptions greater than
60 seconds?
A. Yes
B. No
for 3
48
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
Do you think Jaci
(or anyone
else)
could
Correct!,
even though
we may
say write for 3
someone writes for three days we
days without anysurely
interruptions
wouldn’t meangreater
it is one than
60 seconds? continuous reinforceable responseunit.
A. Yes
49
B. No
While writing an entire research paper,
even the best of students will have to take a
break from the glaring computer screen
for at least a few minutes.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
50
And if there’s a break in writing of more than
60 seconds,
the outcome cannot reinforce that entire
sequence of behavior.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
51
However, one day
she gets a burst
of energy
and begins writing
for 20 minutes
without taking any
breaks at all.
52
So it might be possible to write on a research
paper for 20 minutes
without any breaks.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire
research
paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
53
And the sense of accomplishment following the
writing can reinforce that writing
because there were no breaks
more than 60 seconds.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
an entire paper
on the
research paper
for 20 minutes
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
54
Even though the behavior lasts longer than 60 seconds,
it is still a reinforceable response-unit
because there are no breaks greater than 60 seconds
during the response.
Before
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Behavior
After
an entire paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
on the
research paper
for 20 minutes
55
Writing on a research paper for 20 minutes is a
reinforceable response-unit
because she did not take a break lasting more
than 60 seconds.
Before
Jaci has no
sense of
accomplishment
Behavior
After
an entire paper
Jaci has a sense
of
accomplishment
Jaci writes
on the
research paper
for 20 minutes
56
Besides making the mistake of looking at large nonbehaviors such as writing a whole paper,
some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior
over time—where there are breaks.
Before
Behavior
After
No down
payment for car
Puts $100 in
the bank each
week for the
whole summer
Down payment
for car
A reinforceable response-unit
is not a series of behaviors
over time—even if it leads to
a reinforcing outcome
57
Besides making the mistake of looking at large nonbehaviors such as writing a whole paper,
some also try to analyze the repetition of behavior
over time—were there are breaks.
Before
Behavior
After
No down
payment for car
Puts $100 in
the bank Today
each week for
the whole
summer
Down payment
for car
A reinforceable response-unit
is not a series of behaviors
over time—even if it leads to
a reinforcing outcome
58
Here is the correct contingency:
Before
Behavior
After
$100 not in bank
Puts $100 in
the bank today
each week for
the whole
summer
$100 in bank
59
This test is
designed to help
ensure the behavior
you are analyzing
is actually one
reinforceable
response-unit.
60
When we talk
about the
reinforceable
response-unit,
we are only
concerned with
the behavior box;
keep this in mind.
Behavior
Bob studies
61
Often students
confuse this test with
the 60 second test.
When checking the
behavior listed in the
behavior box,
ask yourself
“Are there any
interruptions of
greater than 60
seconds during the
response?”
62
If there are long
breaks,
you don’t have a true
reinforceable responseunit,
you actually have
something else,
an analog to a
reinforceable responseunit
(you’ll get to that
starting in chapter 22).
63
Nice Norman is playing
quietly by himself.
He takes a truck from
the toy box and pushes
it around the floor for
a few minutes,
then he returns it to
the box.
Ten minutes later,
Norman is back at the
toy box searching for
another toy.
64
Three times, he returns to
the toy box;
once to get an airplane,
another time to get a
Power Ranger,
and finally he finds an
engineer hat.
Norman plays with each of
them with 5 to 10 minute
breaks in between,
when he wonders around
the room, looking for fun.65
The teacher sees
Norman playing
quietly with the hat,
and he goes up to
Norman
and gives him some
candy.
66
Do you think the
candy will reinforce
all of Norman’s
playing?
A. Yes
B. No
67
Do you think the
candy will reinforce
It probably
wouldn’t because
all of Norman’s
of the numerous
playing?
long breaks he took.
A. Yes
B. No
68
Do you think the
candy will reinforce
all of Norman’s
playing?
Correct! It
probably wouldn’t
because of the
numerous long
breaks he took.
A. Yes
B. No
69
Just to make
sure you are
getting this
concept down,
here’s another
scenario to test
your behavioranalytic
repertoire.
70
Jaci is craving a
healthy pizza
so she makes one from
scratch.
71
She prepares the
veggies and mixes the
dough…
Then stops to check
her email…
72
And 15 minutes later she
puts on the veggies and
low-fat cheese.
Finally, with the pizza
made,
she puts it in the
preheated oven.
73
Is this behavior a reinforceable
response-unit?
Before
Jaci doesn’t
have
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
Behavior
Jaci makes
pizza from
scratch
After
Jaci has
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
Click me if you want to
see the Pink Sheet
74
6. Response-Unit Test
Are there any interruptions of
greater than 60 seconds during the
response? If there are then the
behavior is not a response unit.
Rewrite the behavior.
Click me to go back
to the Question
75
Is this behavior a reinforceable
response-unit?
Before
Jaci doesn’t
have
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
Behavior
No, there will be a
break while she
checks e-mail.
Jaci makes
pizza from
scratch
After
Jaci has
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
76
Is this behavior a reinforceable
response-unit?
Right on. It fails the
Before
Jaci doesn’t
have
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
response-unit test because
she takes a break to check
her e-mail.
Behavior
Jaci makes
pizza from
scratch
After
Jaci has
prepared,
uncooked
pizza
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
77
How about this behavior?
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci doesn’t
see the
pizza
cooking
Jaci puts
pizza in the
oven
Jaci sees the
pizza cooking
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
Click me if you want to
see the Pink Sheet
78
6. Response-Unit Test
Are there any interruptions of
greater than 60 seconds during the
response? If there are then the
behavior is not a response unit.
Rewrite the behavior.
Click me to go back
to the Question
Click me to go back
to the Question
79
How about this behavior?
Before
Behavior
Jaci doesn’t
see the
pizza
cooking
Jaci puts
pizza in the
oven
After
Jaci sees the
No, pizza
Jaci puts
the
cooking
pizza in the oven
without a break.
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
80
How about this behavior?
Before
Jaci doesn’t
see the
pizza
cooking
You’reBehavior
right. Putting the pizza After
in the oven is a single response
without breaks.
Jaci puts
pizza in the
oven
Jaci sees the
pizza cooking
A. Correct reinforceable response-unit
B. Fails reinforceable response-unit test
81
Let’s try and clarify the difference
between the 60 second test and the
reinforceable response unit test.
82
Jaci is a high-paid
administrator in a
residential facility
for the
developmentally
disabled population.
It’s Monday and she
goes to work for a
full day,
which includes a
lunch break.
83
She stays after work to
conduct a one hour
training workshop
for which she will
receive extra money
on her paycheck, as long
as she hands in proof of
completion (this takes
no time at all—no
breaks).
Friday comes and she
picks up her pay- check.
84
She then treats
herself to an evening
of shopping for new
clothes
before going home to
sip some warm Earl
Gray tea.
85
This contingency is a common student error:
It fails the 60 second test, because the
outcome follows the response by more than
60 seconds.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci will
have regular
pay check on
Friday
Jaci hands in
proof of
completing
workshop
Jaci will have
extra money
on Friday’s
check
86
This contingency passes the 60 second test, since the
outcome does not follow the response by more
than 60 seconds.
However, it fails the reinforceable response unit
test. There are breaks of greater than 60 seconds
during the response.
Before
Behavior
Jaci does
not see her
time card
with 8 hours
Jaci works all
day Monday
Click me if you want to
see the Pink Sheet
After
Immediately
after, Jaci
sees her time
card with 8
hours
88
Usually, just by looking at the
description of the behavior in the
behavior box, you can’t be sure if it
passes the reinforceable response-unit
test.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
tea
Jaci makes
tea
Jaci has tea
90
Many words used to describe behavior, by
themselves, cannot show if there were
interruptions of greater than 60 seconds.
You need to look hard at the example or
behavior itself to see if there are
interruptions of greater than 60 seconds.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
tea
Jaci makes
tea
Jaci has tea
91
In the next example choose the
scenario that describes the behavior
that passes the reinforceable responseunit test.
92
Scenario #1: Jaci
takes the hot
water, pours it
into a cup, and
adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts
water on the stove to
boil. She comes back
later and takes the hot
water, pours it into a
cup, and adds a tea bag.
Left-click the scenario that passes the
reinforceable response-unit test.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
tea
Jaci makes
tea
Jaci has tea
93
Scenario #1: Jaci
takes the hot
water, pours it
into a cup, and
adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts
water on the stove to
boil. She comes back
later and takes the hot
water, pours it into a
cup, and adds a tea bag.
There’s a 60 second break between putting the water on the
stove and combining the hot water with the tea bag.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
tea
Jaci makes
tea
Jaci has tea
94
Scenario #1: Jaci
takes the hot
water, pours it
into a cup, and
adds a tea bag.
Scenario #2: Jaci puts
water on the stove to
boil. She comes back
later and takes the hot
water, pours it into a
cup, and adds a tea bag.
Yes, there’s no break in scenario #1, but
scenario #2 involves a break.
Before
Behavior
After
Jaci has no
tea
Jaci makes
tea
Jaci has tea
95
Causality Test
Is the outcome caused by
the response?
96
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He
plays it so much, his Mom often comes home
to see him playing in the middle of a game.
Before
Behavior
After
Mom is not
home
Bob plays
the golf
game
Mom is home
97
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He
plays it so much, his Mom often comes home
to see him playing in the middle of a game.
Before
Behavior
After
Mom is not
home
Bob plays
the golf
game
Mom is home
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce
the outcome, Mom is home?
A. Yes
B. No
98
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He
plays it so much, his Mom often comes home
to see him playing in the middle of a game.
Mom comes home
Before
Behavior
because her workday is
over or any number of
Mom is not reasons. But
BobJimmy’s
plays
home
theongolf
playing golf
the
computer doesgame
not cause
Mom to come home in a
normal situation.
After
Mom is home
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce
the outcome, Mom is home?
A. Yes
B. No
99
Jimmy loves to play golf on his computer. He
plays it so much, his Mom often comes home
to see him playing in the middle of a game.
Before
Behavior
Yes, of course
Jimmy’s
playing golf on the
cause
Mom is not computer does
Bobnot
plays
Mom to come
home
home
the
golfin a
normal situation.
She just
game
comes home because
work is over.
After
Mom is home
Does Bob’s playing golf cause or produce
the outcome, Mom is home?
A. Yes
B. No
100
The causality test only tests whether the behavior caused,
produced or prevented the outcome in some way.
The causality test does not test whether the before caused
the behavior. So just look between the Behavior Box and
After Box to check causality.
Before
Behavior
After
Mom is not
home
Bob plays
the golf
game
Mom is home
101
Here’s another example.
Before
Behavior
After
No sight of
cool ball-inflight
Bob uses the
controller to
swing the
club
Cool sight of
ball-in-flight
A. Correct contingency
B. Fails related-outcomes test
C. Fails causality test
102
Here’s another example.
Before
Behavior
flight
swing the
club
After
Sorry, the sight of the ball-in-flight
is the opposite of no sight of the ball
No sight of in flight, Bob
uses
the
Cool
sight
of
so the before and after are
cool ball-incontroller
to
ball-in-flight
related.
A. Correct contingency
B. Fails related-outcomes test
C. Fails causality test
103
Here’s another example.
Before
No sight of
cool ball-inflight
Behavior
After
Bob uses the
Cool sight of
controller to
ball-in-flight
Sorry,
swing Bob
theusing the control to
swing results in the immediate
club
sight of the ball-in-flight.
A. Correct contingency
B. Fails related-outcomes test
C. Fails causality test
104
Here’s another example.
Before
Behavior
Yes,of
this is correct.
one
No sight
Bob Notice
uses the
difference between
the thesetotwo
cool ball-incontroller
flighttests—the causality
swingtest
theis
concerned with the Behavior and
club
After condition…
A. Correct contingency
B. Fails related-outcomes test
C. Fails causality test
After
Cool sight of
ball-in-flight
105
The causality test
may take a little
practice.
We need to have
the behavior
related to the
outcome,
either by causing
it or preventing it.
106
Now, we can all see that Bob’s
betting did not cause Paul to win at
the slot machines.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob is losing
at the
roulette
wheel
Bob changes
his bet
Paul wins at
the slot
machines
Sometimes, however, the distinction is not so
obvious, and the result is superstitious
behavior –
Behavior that is accidentally reinforced by
107
coincidental outcomes.
In this instance, it is likely that Bob will
cross his fingers more often in the future
because winning has immediately followed it
in the past,
Before
Behavior
After
Bob is losing
at the
roulette
wheel
Bob crosses
his fingers
Bob wins the
next spin
but we still don’t have a behavioral
contingency
because Bob’s winning is not contingent on
108
(it’s not caused by) his finger crossing.
There you go – causality. Bob’s carefully
aiming causes him to have a high video game
score.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob has a
low video
game score
Bob aims
carefully
Bob has a
high video
game score
109
Paul’s softball
teammates get annoyed
when he’s up to bat
because he has an
elaborate series of
movements he goes
through every time.
Paul says this ritual
brings him good luck,
but it really doesn’t.
110
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails action test
Behavior
Paul looks at
the ball as
he swings
hard in its
path
After
Paul gets a
home run
111
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails action test
No, looking at the ball and
swinging hard are the
important behaviors that
Behavior
After
cause the home run.
Paul looks at
the ball as
Paul gets a
he swings
home run
hard in its
path
112
Before
Behavior
Paul looks at
Paul has no
the ball as
home Paul
run receives the
he swings
sight of a homehard
run. in its
path
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails action test
After
Paul gets a
home run
113
Before
Behavior
Paul looks at
Paul has no
the ball as
home run
he swings
hard in its
Looking and swinging
path
are active.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails action test
After
Paul gets a
home run
114
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Yes, looking at the ball
and swinging hard are the
Behaviorbehaviors thatAfter
important
Paul
looks
at home run.
cause
the
the ball as
Paul gets a
he swings
home run
hard in its
path
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails action test
115
Click me if you want to
see the Pink Sheet
Before
Behavior
After
Paul has no
home run
Paul
performs his
ritual
Paul gets a
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails related-outcomes test
116
Click me to see
the Pink Sheet
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behavior
After
Paul
Paul gets a
Strike. No,
performs
hisyou should home run
check
ritualthe Pink Sheet.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails related-outcomes test
118
Before
Behavior
After
Paul has no
home run
Paul
performs his
ritual
Paul gets a
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Strike. No, Paul
receives the home run.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails related-outcomes test
119
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behavior
After
Paul
gets a
Strike.
Although getting Paul
a home
performs
his to his ritual,
home
run
is unrelated
the run
related
outcomes test refers to
ritual
the relation between the before
and after conditions.
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails related-outcomes test
120
Before
Paul has no
home run
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct. It passes the
receiver test because he
receives the sight of his
hit go over the fence.
Behavior
After
And it passes the
related-outcomes test
because
Paul no homers is Paul gets a
related to
performs
hishomers.
home run
ritual
Correct contingency
Fails causality test
Fails receiver test
Fails related-outcomes test
121
Warning:
Don’t be a casualty of
mispronouncing causality.
It’s easy to misread
causality as casualty,
but then the “casualty”
criterion doesn’t make a
heck of a lot of sense.
122
Table of Contents.
60” Test
Related Outcomes Test
Response-Unit Test
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
123
Stimulus Test
Is the before and after a
stimulus, event or condition?
124
This contingency is not correct.
The before and after conditions cannot be
behavior of the person we are analyzing.
Before
Behavior
After
Bob is having
trouble with
his
assignment
Bob asks for
help
Bob does his
assignment
125
This contingency is correct.
The after condition is now a stimulus, event or
condition for the person we are analyzing, not a
behavior of that person.
Before
Behavior
Bob is having
trouble with
his
assignment
Bob asks for
help
After
Bob is not
having
trouble with
his
assignment
126
However, the before and after conditions can be
behavior of someone else;
which makes it a stimulus, event or condition to the
behaver.
Before
Behavior
After
Teacher
doesn’t help
Bob
Bob asks for
help
Teacher
helps Bob
127
Here’s the same contingency written a little
differently:
Before
Teacher
doesn’t help
Bob
Bob receives
no help from
the teacher
Behavior
Bob asks for
help
After
Teacher helps
Bob
Bob receives
help from
the teacher
Remember, receives is not behavior, so it’s fine in
the before and after boxes.
128
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy
(Hint: Jimmy’s the behaver).
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Do the before or after conditions circled above have
a behavior of the behaver?
A. Yes
129
B. No
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Do the before or after conditions above have a
behavior of the
behaver?
Sorry,
says is
behavior of the
A. Yes
person we are
B. No
analyzing, right?
130
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Correct,
says isconditions above have a
Do the before
or after
behavior. (Jimmy)
behaviorJimmy’s
of the behaver?
A. Yes
B. No
131
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
So then does this pass the stimulus test?
A. Yes
B. No
Click me to see the
132
stimulus test
7. Stimulus Test
Click me to go
back to the
question
Is the before & after a stimulus
event or condition, and not a
behavior of the behaver?
If it isn’t then change the stimulus.
(Hint: If the outcome is another behavior
of the behaver, you probably don’t have a
correct outcome. Exceptions: selfreinforcement, seeing, hearing, or
the opportunity for activity.)
133
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Because the before
and after condition
So then does this
pass
the
stimulus
test?
have Jimmy’s
behavior, it fails the
stimulus test.
A. Yes
B. No
134
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Yes, because the
before and after
So then does
thishave
passJimmy’s
the stimulus test?
condition
behavior, it fails the
stimulus test.
A. Yes
B. No
135
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
What other tests does this contingency fail?
A. Action test
B. Specific behavior test
C. Dead-man test
D. All of the above
136
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Yes, there’s no
“gets,”
but
What other testsaction
doesinthis
contingency
fail?
what about the
A. Action test
other tests?
B. Specific behavior test
C. Dead-man test
D. All of the above
137
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
What other tests does this contingency fail?
A. Action test
Yes, “gets” is not a
B. Specific behavior test concrete behavior,
but what about the
C. Dead-man test
other tests?
D. All of the above
138
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
What other tests does this contingency fail?
A. Action test
Yes, a dead man can
B. Specific behavior test “get,” but what
about the other
C. Dead-man test
tests?
D. All of the above
139
When Jimmy says Daddy correctly,
Dad gives Jimmy a big smile. We want
to analyze Jimmy’s saying Daddy.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy says
Jimmy
Yes,
“gets”gets
fails each of these
tests
“Daddy”
abecause
smile from
it’s really the same as
correctly
“receives,”
which
involves
nothing
on
Dad
again
Jimmy’s part—it describes no muscular,
glandular or electrical activity.
What other tests does this contingency fail?
A. Action test
B. Specific behavior test
C. Dead-man test
D. All of the above
140
This example is kind of
complex, let’s start with the
before condition.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
After
Jimmy gets
a smile from
Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
Jimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior
should be written in the behavior box,
not the before condition, nor the after.
141
This example is kind of
complex, let’s start with the
before condition.
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a
smile from Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
After
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
So let’s move the behavior here
Jimmy’s is the behaver, so his behavior
should be written in the behavior box,
not the before condition.
142
Before
Jimmy says
“Daddy” correctly
Behavior
Jimmy gets a
smile from Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
The after condition also has
Jimmy’s behavior, which
fails the stimulus test.
After
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
again
143
To find out what to write in the after
box, you need to ask What happened
immediately after Jimmy said “Daddy”?
Before
Behavior
Jimmy says
“Daddy” correctly
Jimmy gets a
smile from Dad
Jimmy has
no smile
from Dad
Jimmy says
“Daddy”
correctly
After
Jimmy says
“Daddy” correctly
again
Jimmy has a
smile from
Dad
And immediately before,
the opposite was the nosmile condition.
144
Remember the problem
about Tommy and his
mom at the donut shop?
He didn’t stop
screeching until he had a
donut in his hands.
145
.
Analyze the next
contingency with respect
to Tommy’s behavior.
146
Even if the before or after has a passive verb, it may still
be active. If the before or after condition passes the action
test then the diagram fails the stimulus test. Analyze this
contingency, if it fails a test which one is it?
Before
Behavior
After
Tommy is
pointing to
the donut
Tommy
screeches
Tommy isn’t
pointing to
the donut
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct contingency
Fails dead-man test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
Click me if you want
147to
see the Pink Sheet
Before
Behavior
After
Tommy is
pointing to
the donut
Tommy
screeches
Tommy isn’t
pointing to
the donut
A.
B.
C.
D.
No, you should
check the Pink
Sheet.
Correct contingency
Fails dead-man test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
Click me if you want
149to
see the Pink Sheet
Before
Behavior
After
Tommy is
pointing to
the donut
Tommy
screeches
Tommy isn’t
pointing to
the donut
A.
B.
C.
D.
No. Can a deadman screech?
Correct contingency
Fails dead-man test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
150
Before
Tommy is
pointing to
the donut
A.
B.
C.
D.
Behavior
Tommy
No, Tommy’s
pointing is the
screeches
opposite of not
pointing.
Correct contingency
Fails dead-man test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
After
Tommy isn’t
pointing to
the donut
151
Before
Behavior
After
Tommy is
pointing to
the donut
Tommy
screeches
Tommy isn’t
point to the
donut
Correct. Tommy’s
behavior should not be
in the Before or After
conditions.
A. Correct contingency
B. Fails dead-man test
C. Fails causality test
D. Fails stimulus test
152
Remember the problem with Jennifer’s roommate
throwing clothes on the floor?
Now we’ll analyze Jen’s behavior, so her behavior
shouldn’t be in the before or after conditions, though
Sue’s behavior can be in the before and after
conditions.
Before
Behavior
After
Clothes on
the floor
Jen yells
Sue
apologizes
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct after
Fails causality test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
Click me if you want
153to
see the Pink Sheet
Before
Behavior
After
Clothes on
the floor
Jen yells
Sue
apologizes
A.
B.
C.
D.
No, take a closer look
at the before
condition…
Correct after
Fails causality test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
155
Before
Behavior
After
Clothes on
the floor
Jen yells
Sue
apologizes
A.
B.
C.
D.
No, Jen’s yelling
causes Sue to
apologize.
Correct after
Fails causality test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
156
Before
Clothes on
the floor
A.
B.
C.
D.
Yes. Clothes on the floor
is not related to Sue
apologizes. It passes the
causality test because
Behavior Sue apologizing
After
is
contingent (caused by)
Jen yells
Sue
Jen yelling. And since
Jen
is the behaver, apologizes
we’re cool
with the stimulus test.
Correct after
Fails causality test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
157
Before
Behavior
After
Clothes on
the floor
Jen yells
Sue
apologizes
A.
B.
C.
D.
Correct after
Fails causality test
Fails related-outcomes test
Fails stimulus test
Even though the condition
is a behavior, it’s fine as
long as it’s not a behavior
of the person we are
analyzing.
158
If you want to review any
of the tests you can
continue
to the
next slide
You’re
finished.
So
and choose
can
nowone.
you Or
canyou
relax
hit “Esc” to finish.
159
You’re finished. If you’d like to review any of the
tests, just click on the test name below.
60” Test
Related Outcomes Test
Response-Unit Test
Causality Test
Stimulus Test
160