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Chapter 12 Empires in East Asia • Chapter Objective Study East Asian empires and analyze the movement of people and ideas among them. Lesson 1: Tang and Song China • Objectives for the lesson: – Identify the main rulers of the Tang Dynasty. – Describe the causes & effects of the Song Dynasty’s retreat to the south. – Summarize the achievements of the Tang & Song empires. – Describe changes in Chinese society. Timeline of Chinese Dynasties The Tang Dynasty Expands China TANG TAIZONG WU ZHAO Tang Rulers’ Accomplishments to Expand China • Under their reign of nearly 300 years: Regained lands previous lost from battles; in addition, Korea Strengthened their central government Promoted trade and commerce Restored the civil service system – Exam taken to be employed; helped gain social status Fall of the Tang Dynasty • 3 Factors leading to the fall of the Tang Dynasty: Imposition of heavy taxes Inability to maintain order Series of internal rebellions The Song Dynasty Restores China • TAIZU Founding member of the Song Dynasty His dynasty ruled a smaller China Trading under his dynasty helped keep the empire prosperous Science & Technology Under Both Dynasties GUNPOWDER MOVABLE TYPE (video attached) Science & Technology Under Both Dynasties PORCELAIN MAGNETIC COMPASS Science & Technology Under Both Dynasties PAPER MONEY MECHANICAL CLOCK They also made advances in arithmetic & algebra, such as using negative numbers. Other Advancements AGRICULTURE TRADE & FOREIGN CONTACTS • Variety of fast-ripening rice was imported from Vietnam, allowing farmers to produce more food to feed China’s expanding population. • Chinese had great sea power – The magnetic compass allowed them to expand sea trade – Allowed Chinese to exchanged cultural & religious ideas with each other Other Advancements POETRY DAOIST ART • Li Bo wrote about life’s pleasures. • Tu Fu wrote about orderliness, Confucian virtues, & soldiers’ hardships in war. Temple on a Mountain Ledge by Kuncan (circa 1661 ) Changes in Chinese Society • Levels of Society 1. Gentry • Gained social status through employment & education 2. Urban middle class • Merchants, shopkeepers, skilled artisans, minor officials, & others 3. Bottom class • Laborers, soldiers, servants The Status of Women Lily-foot: Upper class girls’ feet was bound to reflect wealth & prestige of their husband. Women are subservient to men. Lesson 2: The Mongol Conquests Nomads tended to move west & south across the steppe because of climate. The Nomadic Way of Life Mongol nomads traveled by clans claimed membership through a common ancestor These pastoralists depended on their animals for food, clothing, & housing. The Rise of the Mongols Genghis Khan (1162? – 1227) Formerly known as Temujin until he accepted this title for uniting the Mongol people around 1200. Title means “universal ruler” Brilliant military strategist and organizer The Mongol Empire Genghis Khan’s successors further expanded the Mongol Empire into Russia, Korea, and Persia. •It became the largest unified empire in history. What do you believe made Mongols successful in building an empire? 1) They had a strong leader, Genghis Khan, due to his talent and skills. 2) They were accustomed to scarcity & hardship of nomadic life. 3) They used cruelty as their weapon of intimidation. 4) They were able to maintain control of the huge empire by dividing it into 4 khanates. 5) They imposed peace & stability & encouraged trade. Lesson 3: The Mongol Empire • Biography Grandson of Genghis Khan Lived most of his life in China instead Mongolia (wasn’t a nomad) • His Rule Became Great Khan in 1260, which meant he ruled whole empire. Founder of the Yuan Dynasty. Moved the capital from Mongolia to Beijing in China. United China for the 1st time in 300 years. KUBLAI KHAN Kublai Khan’s failure to take Japan • Up until WWII, Kublai’s 2 invasions of Japan was the largest seaborne invasion in history. – Japan believed it was divine intervention, the kamikaze (divine winds), that saved them from the Mongols. Mongol Rule in China • Government – Posts were given either to Mongols or foreigners • Mongols felt Chinese were dishonest • Infrastructure – Rebuilt & extended the Grand Canal • Ensured steady supply of food between north & south Mongol Rule in China • Foreign Trade flourishes – Foreign traders were invited by Kublai Khan • Marco Polo was a European trader who became a personal aide to Kublai Khan. – Traders mainly used Silk Roads to travel to & from China. – Popular trade products were Chinese silk and inventions MARCO POLO The End of Mongol Rule • Causes that weakened & ended the empire Death of Kublai Khan, causing differences between family members Overtaxed Chinese citizens Government corruption Overspending on war, public works, & luxuries Chinese rebellions Chinese rebels eventually overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. Lesson 4: Feudal Powers in Japan Geography of Japan • Archipelago of 4,000 islands: 4 Main Islands Hokkaido Honshu Shikoku Kyushu Early Japan • Origin of Name RI-BEN: “origin of the sun” or “land of the rising sun” • Faith Shinto: Believed in kami (divine spirits) • Spirits were believed to live in a beautiful tree, waterfall, rock, or mountain. Japanese Culture: Cultural Borrowing from China • Buddhism Introduced by Korean immigrants Japanese blended their Shinto beliefs with Buddhism • Koreans brought “Chinese influence”. Most of Chinese practice influenced Japan except for the civil service system. Life in the Heian Period • Heian Period (794 – 1185) Capital of Japan: Heian (now called Kyoto) Highly refined court society arose Rules dictated every aspect of life All were expected to write poetry & paint • Picture at right: The Tale of Genji, written by Lady Murasaki, was the first known novel. Feudalism Erodes Imperial Authority • Decline of Central Power Large landowners set up private armies These landowners became warlords Japan became lawless and dangerous Wars between warlords became commonplace • Small farmers exchanged parts of their land to warlords in exchange for protection. Warriors in Feudal Japan • Samurai – Worked for warlords – Lived by Bushido – They believed in dying an honorable death • Committed suicide rather than face dishonor or defeat The Kamakura Shogunate Shogun Had powers of a military dictator Yoritomo (at left) was the first shogun Kamakura shoguns were the rulers when Kublai Khan twice tried to invade Japan. Lesson 5: Kingdoms of Southeast Asia & Korea Southeast Asia’s Geography Land Lies between the Indian & Pacific Oceans Made up of 2 main parts: Indochina & the Islands • Started south of China (Dai Viet aka Vietnam) stretching all the way almost to Australia Climate Warm, humid tropics Seasonal monsoons Influence of India and China on Southeast Asia Influenced by India & China in: Political system Religion (Hindu & Buddhism) Art and Language Right: Vishnu, Hindu supreme god Khmer Empire and Srivijaya Empire KHMER EMPIRE SRIVIJAYA EMPIRE Main power of Southeast Asia Ruled the Strait of Malacca & around the waters of Sumatra, Borneo, & Java. Prospered through rice cultivation Capital was Angkor Location of Angkor Wat Now called Cambodia Capital was Palembang Center of Buddhist learning Prospered through taxing trade Ly Dynasty Accomplishments in Ruling Dai Viet Dai Viet (Vietnam) was more influenced by China than India. Capital was Hanoi, which held a strong central government. Improved road/river transportation Promoted agriculture & trade. Ly Thai To – 1st Vietnamese emperor of Ly Dynasty View Vietnam and Korea Korea’s Geography Land Peninsula stretching from Asian mainland toward Japan. Mountainous & surrounded by sea, they were somewhat isolated • Climate Experiences the four seasons Koryu Dynasty & Culture in Korea • Influenced mainly by China – Political systems • Despite civil service system, noble people still had the best positions. • Survived Mongol occupation – Late overthrown by Yi Dynasty • Culture best known in art – Celadon Pottery – Wooden blocks for Buddhist scriptures Wang Kon – founder of Koryu Dynasty Korean Culture (L): Celadon pottery