Transcript The Great Depression

Chapter 23
The Great Depression, the New
Deal, and World War II
1929-1945
Essential Questions
Section 1
Texans Go To War
The Stock Market Crash of 1929 brought hard
times to Texas and the rest of the nation and
world. During the era that followed, known as the
Great Depression, many Texans were out of work
and searching for relief.
Section 1 Summary
• The stock market crashed in 1929
• Affected the whole US (including Texas)
• This time in history is known as the Great
Depression
• During this time, many people were out of
work and they needed help
Dark Days of October
From Boom to Bust
• 1920s were good time for US businesses
but not farming
– Crop prices fell
– Banks went out of business because farmers
could not pay debts
• Other businesses that didn’t do well
– Railroads
– Coal Mines
– Textile Industries
From Boom to Bust, con’t
• In 1920s, many people invested in the Stock
Market
• Companies sell stock (shares in their companies)
to raise money and grow
– Stock: ownership in a corporation, usually divided
into shares
• If the company does well, the stockholders get
their money back from their investments…usually
make more money
– Stockholder: owner of the stock
From Boom to Bust, con’t
• In 1920s, people began to speculate on the stock
market…they risked their money hoping that prices would
rise quickly…then they would sell the stock and make a
quick profit
– Speculate: to buy or sell stock in hopes of making money from
changes in the stock market
• Other people used credit to buy stock they really couldn’t
afford (buying on margin)
• For a few years, rising prices as companies grew made a
lot of people rich
• But, then the Stock Market crashed (October, 1929)
– Crash: a sudden decline or failure
The Stock Market Crash of 1929
• Thursday, October 24, 1929
– Stock holders sold a lot of stock (13 million shares)….Prices fell
• Friday, October 25-Saturday, October 26, 1929
– To balance the falling prices, banks bought stocks…prices fell
again
• Monday, October 28
– Prices fell again
• Tuesday, October 29, 1929
– Stock holders sold more stock…trying to not lose any more
money (16 million shares)
– So much money was lost on this day…became known as Black
Tuesday
Stock Market Crash, con’t
• After Black Tuesday, stock prices kept falling and
people/banks lost 26 billion dollars
• Prices of stock were lower than people bought
them for…no way to make money on them
– People couldn’t pay debts
– Banks ran out of money…people lost all money they
had in banks
– Factories, stores, businesses closed
– People lost jobs
The Great Depression
• Lasted from 1929-beginning of WWII …longest
and worst economic depression in US history
– People lost homes and farms
– About ¼ of US workers didn’t have jobs
• At first, Texas was not as bad off as other parts of
the country …not as many Texans had invested
in the stock market, still more farmers, etc
– Unemployment Rate wasn’t as high in Texas as in the
North
• Unemployment Rate: the percentage of people who are
out of work
The Great Depression, con’t
• But as depression years continued, Texans
couldn’t sell as much cotton…prices dropped
and less demand
• By 1933, many Texas businesses closed and
many Texans were out of work
Images of Depression
Cities Try to Help Texans Cope
• People ran out of money
• State couldn’t help much
• So, city governments and civic organizations stepped in to help
– In Dallas/Ft. Worth…city chambers of commerce sponsored gardening
projects to help people grow food
– Some cities had plays/musicals to help raise money
– Some city governments paid Texans to build parks, buildings, clean up
cities, work on streets and sewers, etc
– Some cities allowed homeless Texans to live in public buildings
– But eventually even money for these type of things ran out
Drought and Dust Torment Rural
Texans
• Bad draught hit Great Plains area of US in mid 1930s (around 1935)
• Since the farmers couldn’t grow crops, the fields were just dirt
• Then, the wind began to blow and dust covered everything …call
black blizzards
– So strong it blast the paint off cars
– Blocked sunlight for hours
– Killed animals and damaged people’s eyes and lungs
Drought and Dust, con’t
• Between 1935-1937, things were so bad in
Texas Panhandle that 1/3 of farm families
left…same thing going on in OK, KS, CO,
NM
• This region became known as the Dust
Bowl
America Dust and Depression
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/dust-bowl-cause-1.jpg
http://www.weru.ksu.edu/new_weru/multimedia/dustbowl/big/dust_car_gs.jpg
Dust Bowl Years
http://www.weru.ksu.edu/new_weru/multimedia/dustbowl/big/usda23.jpg
The Dust Bowl
Women and Minorities Face Hard
Times
• Depression years were especially hard on women,
African Americans, and Hispanics
– Minorities fired to free up job for white person
– Women teachers were fired if husband had job
– White men had priority on jobs
– Many African American men/families were homeless
Women/Minorities, con’t
• So, many African Americans joined the Democratic Party
and the NAACP…this group worked to end discrimination
•
• Hispanics were denied monetary help
– They ended up leaving Texas
– In 1929, LULAC was formed (League of United Latin
American Citizens)
• Helped Hispanics in Texas and helped to end
discrimination
Minorities During the Depression
Section 2
Texans Look for a New Deal
Roosevelt’s New Deal began to bring Texans
much needed relief from the Great Depression.
However, recovery was slow. To cheer Texans,
the state threw a giant party to celebrate its
centennial.
Section 2
Summary
• After the Great Depression, President
Roosevelt’s New Deal provided jobs, etc
• But, the economy was slow to recover
• To cheer up the Texans, the state threw a
giant party to celebrate the Texas
centennial
Roosevelt Offers a New Deal
• In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt (democrat) was elected president of
US
(defeated republican Herbert Hoover)
• VP was John Nance Garner
– nicknamed Cactus Jack; from Texas
• President Roosevelt promised Americans that better days were
coming (that Depression would end)
– Campaign Song: “Happy Days are Here Again”
Franklin D. Roosevelt
John Nance Garner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt
http://www.conservapedia.com/John_Nance_Garner
New Deal, con’t
• Roosevelt passed new laws and created new programs
– To create jobs and improve the economy
– Program was called the New Deal
• Famous Texans during these years
– Sam Rayburn: US Congressman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rayburn
• Helped pass laws that outlawed the actions that led to Great
Depression
– Jesse Jones:
• Directed Reconstruction Finance Corporation which gave money to
banks and corporations to get business started again
• Created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation)
– Insures the money that people deposit into banks…so people won’t lose
money if banks fail
–
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones
Programs Put Texans to Work
• 2 New Deal Programs helped Texans
– WPA: Works Progress Administration
– PWA: Public Works Administration
• Gave people jobs building buildings…schools, post
offices, hospitals, etc
• Gave writers, musicians, and artists jobs
• Texans worked for these agencies from 1935-1943
–
–
–
–
Built River Walk in San Antonio
Built San Jacinto Monument
Built dams on lakes
Wrote travel guides, performed plays, painted murals, etc
Providing Jobs for Youth
• NYA: National Youth Administration
– Supported by Lyndon B. Johnson
– Gave jobs to young people aged 16-25
• Worked in offices, libraries, schools
• Built playgrounds and roadside parks
• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps
– Young people worked from 1933-1942
– Earned $30.00/month
• Built dams, state parks, helped to fight floods if
needed, helped preserve farmland, etc
Helping Farmers
• New Deal programs helped farmers
– Programs to help soil conservation programs
• AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Administration
– Paid farmers to plant fewer acres of crops…produced
less/prices went up
• Soil Conservation Service, AAA, CCC
– Taught farmers how to keep soil from blowing away
– Helped farmers plant trees
– Helped create ponds/reservoirs to collect water
“Ma” Ferguson Returns
• Regardless of New Deal programs, things were
still tough in Texas
• In 1932, “Ma” Ferguson elected again for
governor (replaced Governor Ross Sterling)
– Cut state spending
– Cut taxes on many things except for oil tax
• She also did some corrupt things
– Gave federal relief funds to friends/political supporters
– Fired some of the Texas Rangers…replaced them with
some of her friends/supporters
An Era of Lawlessness
•
Crime nationwide increased during Depression years
– In Texas…lots of killing and crime
• George “Machine Gun” Kelly
• Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
– Texas Rangers tracked them down
– Killed by lawman Frank Hamer
•
1934, Texas elected new governor
– James V. Allred
• Created Department of Public Safety
• Created Texas Employment Commission
• Got tired of corrupt ways of “Ma” Ferguson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde
Governor James Allred
http://www.lrl.state.tx.us/legeLeaders/governors/govPage.cfm?governorID=31
http://www.alcatrazhistory.com/mgk.htm
Texas Celebrates Its Centennial
• 1936: Texas celebrated 100 years (Centennial) of freedom from
Mexico
– Centennial: one-hundredth anniversary
• Wanted a big celebration
– Built Fair Park in Dallas for 25 million
• Housed 50 buildings
• Cavalcade of Texas (showed 4 centuries of life in Texas)
• Hall of Negro Life
– Called Texas Centennial Exposition
– Site of first World’s Fair in the Southwest
– Construction provided jobs for many Texans
–
http://www.flickr.com/photos/christianspenceranderson/6546992507/sizes/m/in/photostream/
Section 3
World War II Brings Changes to Texas
Government spending during World War ll finally
put an end to the Great Depression. Brave
Texans served in battle and others contributed
whatever they could on the home front.
Section 3 Summary
• The end of the Great Depression happened
when the government started spending more
money during World War II
• Many Texans contributed in many ways during
the war…on the battlefield and at home
• When World War II started, the Great Depression
ended
The World at War Again
• Great Depression affected other countries as well as the
US
– In some countries, dictators rose up and said they
could make life better
– Once they were in power, they started attacking other
countries
– This started World War II
• World War II: 1939-1945
• US entered into World War II: 1941
The World at War Again, con’t
• Allies
– Great Britain, France, Soviet Union
• Axis
– Germany, Italy, Japan
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/pearlhbr/pearlhbr.htm
• US entered war when Japan dropped bomb on
Pearl Harbor on December 7,1941
• US sided with the Allies
• US declared war on Japan
first then added Germany and Italy
a few days later
–
http://pft2009.blogspot.com/2011/12/67th-anniversary-of-pearl-harbor-attack.html
The World at War Again, con’t
• 750, 000 Texans served in World War II
– Including 12, 000 women
• Demand for goods for the war helped
Texas businesses
– Dallas/Ft. Worth built airplanes
– Texas Gulf Coast towns launched warships
and cargo vessels
– Texas oil helped with fuel
The War Effort in Texas
• Texas trained many soldiers
– Had 15 major military bases
– Had 40 airfields
– Naval flight training base in Corpus Christi
was largest in world
• Texas had prisoner-of-war camps
– 50, 000 prisoners-of-war
• Prisoners worked on farms and military bases to
help Allies
The War Effort in Texas, con’t
– They planted Victory Gardens
– They bought war bonds
– They collected scrap iron and old tires
• Women worked while
men were at war
– See “Women in the Workforce”
on p. 489
http://www.adcouncil.org/Our-Work/The-Classics/Women-in-War-Jobs-Rosie-the-Riveter
• Texans “sacrificed” with food
A Bounty of Texas Heroes
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
– Born in Texas …lived most of life in Denison, TX
– Supreme Allied Commander General
– Planned D-Day into Normandy, France in 1944
– Accepted Germany’s surrender in 1945
– Elected president…mainly due to his valor during the
war
• Valor: personal bravery
Bounty of Texas Heroes, con’t
• Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
– Commander of Pacific Fleet
– Turned back Japanese navy
– Was present when Japanese surrendered about the
USS Missouri on September 2, 1945
• Oveta Culp Hobby
–
–
–
–
Wife of former Texas Governor, William Hobby
Colonel of Women’s Army Corp (WAC)
Joined Navy, Coast Guard, and Marines
Served as Women’s Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
• Provided air support for Allies
Dwight Eisenhower
Chester Nimitz
www.relaxedpolitics.com/.../DwightEisenhower.jpg
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g460000/g466244.jpg
Oveta Culp Hobby
http://www.womensmemorial.org/H&C/History/images/COL_Hobby_1943.jpg
Bounty of Texas Heroes, con’t
• 22,000 Texans died in World War II
• Many Texans received medals and
commendations for bravery
• 30 Texans received the Congressional Medal of
Honor …highest award given for bravery beyond
call of duty
– Johnnie Hutchins (US Navy)
• Saved ship from a torpedo
• Steered ship out of torpedo’s path…died holding on the
wheel of the ship
• Had a ship named after him
Diverse Groups Unite in the War
Effort
• Minority Texans received honors
– 5 Medal of Honor recipients were Hispanic
• An Hispanic doctor, Dr. Hector Garcia, received the Bronze Star and
6 battle stars
– African Americans won medals
• Doris Miller (a man)
– Awarded the Navy Cross
» Manned a machine gun at Pearl Harbor and KIA
» Navy named a ship after him
» Cuba Gooding, Jr. played Miller in the 2001 movie, Pearl Harbor
• Leonard Harmon
– Died while protecting a wounded ship mate
– Awarded the Navy Cross
– In 1943, was first African American to have a ship named after him…the
USS Harmon
Congressional Medal of Honor
US Army
Doris Miller
Johnnie Hutchins
Audie Murphy
• Most decorated soldier in war
• US Army
– Received 33 awards
– Received every US medal for valor
– Received the Medal of Honor
• During a battle in France, he jumped into a burning tanker ship, took
control of the ship’s guns, and killed or wounded 50 enemy soldiers,
stopped an enemy tank
• From Farmersville, TX
– 35 miles northeast of Dallas
• Became an actor
Texas After the War
• World War II ended in 1945
• US President: Franklin D. Roosevelt
– Serving his 4th term
– He died in office
• VP Harry Truman took over as President
• Texas made the gradual change from a rural state to an
urban state
– More sophisticated
– More dependent on industry and not as much on farming
• African Americans, Hispanics, and women were
determined to have equal rights
Picture Sources
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http://www.amfirstbooks.com/IntroPages/ToolBarTopics/Articles/Featured_Authors/S
mith,_W._Leon/2010/Art/Army_Congressional_Medal_of_Honor.gif
•
http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/0636001.jpg
•
http://www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/0636004.jpg
•
http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g400000/g408456.jpg
•
http://www.warfoto.com/1audie.jpg
•
http://www.military-money-matters.com/images/audie-murphy.jpg