Transcript the mineral can be either or

DO NOW
List at least 10 items that
you came in contact with
before school today that
contained a mineral.
What are Minerals?
The 5 Defining Characteristics of
Minerals
1. Naturally Occurring – this
means they form naturally
and are not manmade.
2. Inorganic – this means
they were never alive or
living.
3. Definite Composition –
this means that we know
what they are made of and
it can not change.
If it does change, then it
becomes a different mineral.
4. Distinct Physical and
Chemical Properties – this
means that every mineral has
very specific physical and
chemical properties used to
identify them.
If these properties change, then
the mineral becomes a different
mineral.
5. Crystalline Structure –
this means that every
mineral is made up of
crystals.
Sometimes the crystals are
large and visible, other
times you can only see them
with a microscope.
Below is a list of objects.
Eight of them are minerals. Can
you find them all?
Sugar
Pearl
Paper
Clay
Brick
Salt
Diamond
Glass
Water
Wood
Sulfur
Talc Copper
Sand
Gold
What minerals can be found in
the following objects?
Use your ESRT’s (Earth Science
Reference Tables).
Toothpaste
Sand Paper
Sheetrock
Coffee Mug
Sinker (for fishing)
Pencil
Magnet
Indian Paint Pot
Matches
I-pod or cell phone
Table Salt
Glass
Baby Powder
So, what would your
life be like without
minerals?
Review of Elements and
Compounds
• An _______
atom is the smallest part of and
element that can be identified as that
element.
• An __________
element is a simple substance that
cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by ordinary chemical means.
For example: You could have two
________
element Oxygen (O2).
atoms of the _________
• A compound
__________ is a substance made up of
two or more elements that are chemically
combined.
• A ___________
molecule is the smallest part of a
substance that has all the properties of
that substance.
For example: You could have one
molecule of the compound
_________
__________ known as
water (H2O).
All Elements and their physical and chemical
properties can be found on the Periodic
Table of the Elements.
How do we read a chemical
formula?
shorthand
• A chemical symbol is a _______________
way of writing the name of an element
(see the periodic table). Example: The
chemical symbol for Oxygen is _____.
O
• A chemical formula is a formula that shows
the ____________
that make up the
elements
____________.
compoundFor example: H2O is a
chemical formula for the compound water.
• A ____________
subscript is a number in a
chemical formula that shows how many of
each atom is in one molecule of a
compound. For example: in H2O there are
two
(2) atoms of the element Hydrogen
______
(1)atom of the element
(H) and one
______
Oxygen (O).
Practice: Fe3Al2Si3O12
Practice
Using page 16 of your ESRT’s, match the following elements to their
symbols. Write the letter of the correct symbol in the space provided.
________ 1.
________ 2.
________ 3.
________ 4.
________ 5.
potassium
sulfur
calcium
iron
lead
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Ca
Fe
Pb
K
S
Using page 16 of your ESRT’s, complete the following chart.
Mineral Name
Chemical
Formula
Magnetite
Total Number
of Atoms
Present
Total Number
of Oxygen
Atoms
Present
2
CaCO3
Potassium
Feldspar
Total Number
of Elements
Present
5
8
How do minerals form?
Remember:
• A mineral is ________________
naturally
inorganic
occurring, _________________
(never
been alive and not from a living thing) solid
elements or compounds
formed from __________
___________
and having a definite ________________
chemical
crystalline
makeup and __________________
atomic structure.
• Minerals MUST meet ALL of the following
requirements:
1. Be naturally occurring (not
manmade)
2. Be the same throughout
(homogeneous, like milk)
3. Made of only ONE element or ONE
compound (this can be determined by
reading the chemical formula)
4. Inorganic (not made of living things)
5. Have a definite chemical formula
(We just learned this!)
Minerals are formed
inorganically
________________
by the process
of ___________________
as a
crystallization
result of specific environmental
conditions.
These include three basic ways:
Cooling
1. __________
and
solidification
________________
of magma.
2. ______________
from water
Precipitation
caused by such processes
evaporation
as ____________
(like salt
crystallizing as water
evaporates),
_____________
Chemical reactions
and
Temperature
changes
______________.
3. Rearrangement
____________ of atoms in
existing minerals that are
subjected to conditions of high
temperature and __________.
pressure
___________
How do we identify minerals?
• We identify minerals based on
physical and ________
their ________
chemical
properties.
1. LUSTER – the mineral can be
metallic
either ______________
or
Non-metallic
_______________
Example: galena is metallic,
quartz is non-metallic
2. Hardness – how easily the
mineral is scratched. Hardness
is measured on a scale from 1
(very soft) to 10 (very hard)
Mohs’ Hardness Scale
called ______________________
Mohs’ Hardness Scale
Remember: You
can only scratch a
mineral with
something that is
HARDER than the
mineral!
2.5
3.5
5.5
6.5
3. _________________
Cleavage
and
fracture
_______________
describe the way a
mineral breaks. Cleavage is when
even
the break is _____________
and
________________.
Fracture is
smoothly flat
when the break is _____________
uneven
rough
and ________________.
Example:
Mica has perfect cleavage, Quartz has
fracture
Color
4. ____________
can help to
identify a mineral. But, be
careful because the same
mineral can come in many
different colors! Example: Quartz
can be clear, white, black, gray,
purple, orange, pink, etc.
color
5. The streak is the _____________
of the mineral if it is powdered. You
powder it by rubbing it on a streak
plate. The color of the streak is
always the same no matter what the
color of the mineral is. Example:
hematite can be red or silver, but the
streak is ALWAYS brown!
density
6. The _______________
of a
mineral can be used to help
identify it. Some minerals are
very dense.
Example: Magnetite
acid
7. The __________
test is used to
determine if calcium carbonate is
present. The acid will bubble if the
mineral contains CaCO3.
Example: Calcite
8. Other Tests
Magnetism is another way to help
identify a mineral. If the magnet is
attracted to the sample, then the
sample contains a significant amount of
iron. Two minerals that attract a
magnet are magnetite and hematite (in
its metallic form only).
Read through the rest of your notes
on how to determine the properties
of a mineral sample. Make sure
you understand how to do this as
you will have to determine several
properties of minerals on the NEW
YORK STATE Regents Lab
Practical in June!
Good Luck!
What are mineral resources?
Except for energy from the Sun, pretty
much everything else we need comes
from the Earth. Natural resources include
all of the things that come naturally from
the Earth such as water, air, plants,
animals, etc. These natural resources are
further broken down into groups. One
such group are classified as mineral
resources.
Mineral resources include
minerals
________________,
rocks
_______________,
and
Fossil fuels
______________.
Mineral resources are
non-renewable
______________________
natural
resources which means that once they
are used up, they are gone and can not
be replaced in a short enough time to
be useful to humans.
This means there is a
limited
___________________
supply of our
mineral resources. Examples include
oil, gold, copper, and sulfur.
oil
Fossil Fuels include __________
Natural gas
(petroleum), ______________,
and
coal
_____________.
They are the result of
compaction and organic
chemical changes of the
remains of dead plants
and animals in a
sedimentary
environment. This is
why fossil fuels are only
found in
sedimentary
_______________rocks.
At this time fossil fuels provide
90%
about __________
of our energy
needs, but our resources are
dwindling fast. As time passes, it is
becoming more important to find
alternative forms of energy.
What are some alternative forms of energy?
List some alternative forms of energy that could be
used for the following necessities.
Necessity
Automobiles
Heat
Electricity
Possible Energy Alternatives