Transcript Ionization energy

Ionization Energies
Revised 11/20/11
Ionization energy
The energy needed to remove an
electron completely from at atom.
Depends upon ….
The attraction between the positively
charged nucleus and the negatively
charged electron.
The repulsion between the negatively
charged electrons.
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
0
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
F
Ar
1,500
N
H
Cl
C
1,000
500
O
Be
P
B
Si
Mg
Li
Na
S
Ca
Al
K
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
1,600
Ar
Kr
1,400
Br
1,200
1,000
As Se
Zn
800
Ca
Sc Ti
Mn
Ge
Fe Co Ni Cu
V Cr
Ga
Sr
600
K
Rb
400
200
0
Ar K Ca Sc Ti
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
0
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
18
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
18
Cs
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
18
Cs
18
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
18
Cs
18
2,500
2
8
8
He
Ne
2,000
18
18
32
+
Ar
1,500
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
2
0
Na
8
K
8
Rb
18
Cs
18
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
F
1,500
N
H
O
Cl
C
1,000
500
Eight electrons are filling
the second energy level.
Why does the ionization
energy increase along a
period?
Ar
Be
P
B
Si
Mg
Li
Na
S
Ca
Al
K
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
2,500
He
Why are there “blips” in the ionization energies?
Ne
2,000
F
Ar
1,500
N
H
Cl
C
1,000
500
O
Be
P
B
Si
Mg
Li
Na
S
Ca
Al
K
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
2,500
He
Ne
2,000
F
1,500
N
H
C
1,000
500
Be
B
Li
O
The second energy level
must be subdivided into two
sublevels each with a
Ar
different energy.
Cl boron
The fifth electron for
must be in a Phigher
S energy
level because
it takes less
Si
Mg
additional
energy to removeCa
Al
Na
it.
K
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
2,500
He
Electrons in the higher sublevel
Ne
2,000
F
1,500
N
H
C
1,000
500
Be
B
Li
O
The second energy level
must be subdivided into two
sublevels each with a
Ar
different energy.
Cl boron
The fifth electron for
must be in a Phigher
S energy
level because
it takes less
Si
Mg
additional
energy to removeCa
Al
Na
it.
K
Electrons in the lower sublevel
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
2,500
He
Electrons in the higher sublevel
Ne
2,000
F
Ar
1,500
N
H
O
Cl
C
1,000
500
The same is true for the
third energy level.
Be
P
B
Si
Mg
Li
Na
S
Ca
Al
K
Electrons in the lower sublevel
0
H He Li Be B
C
N O
F Ne Na Mg Al Si P
S Cl Ar K Ca
n 2n2
1
2
2
8
3 18
4 32
5 50
The number of electrons in the nth
energy level is given by 2n2.
The Bohr model showed
only 8 electrons in the
third energy level. Where
are the other ten electrons?
In multi-electron atoms the original
Bohr energy levels are split into
sublevels.
4
n
2n2
1
2
2
8
3
18
4
32
5
50
4s
3
4f
4d
4p
3d
3p
32
18
3s
2
2p
8
2s
1
1s
2
The letters s,
p, d and f are
used to label
the sublevels.
sublevel number of
electrons
s
p
2
6
d
10
f
14
Electron Energy Diagram
7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
s
2
p
d
f
6
10
14
n
2n2
1
2
2
8
3
18
4
32
5
50
Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic
5p
4d
Energy
5s
4p
3d
4s
Each horizontal line
represents an orbital,
a region which can be
occupied by up to two
electrons.
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Electrons with opposite spin are
represented by up and down arrows.
The electron energy diagram represents the arrangement of
the electrons in their respective energy levels and sublevels.
Electron Energy Diagram
7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Electron Energy Diagram
1s
Electron Energy Diagram
2p
2s
1s
The second energy splits into
two sublevels called “s” and
“p”. An s-sublevel holds two
electons. A p-sublevel holds
up to six electrons in three
orbitals.
Electron Energy Diagram
3d
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
The third energy
splits into three
sublevels, the “s”,
the “p”, and the “d”.
The d-sublevel
holds up to ten
electrons in five
orbitals.
Electron Energy Diagram
Notice that the 4s sublevel is lower in
energy than the 3d sublevel.
4f
4d
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
The fourth energy splits
into four sublevels, the
“s”, the “p”, the “d”, and
the “f ”. The f-sublevel
holds up to 14 electrons
in seven orbitals.
Electron Energy Diagram
5f
5d
4f
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Notice the overlap
again in the 5s and
4d, and the location
of the 4f sublevel.
Electron Energy Diagram
6d
5f
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
The 6s-sublevel is
lower in energy than
the 4f sublevel.
Electron Energy Diagram
7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
The 7s-sublevel is
lower in energy than
the 5f sublevel.
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
The energy sublevels
are filled in order
from lowest energy to
highest energy.
7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
Order in which
the energy
sublevels are
filled.
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Electron Energy Diagram
Periodic table - Sublevels
s
p
d
f
Order in which the energy
sublevels are filled.
Electron Energy Diagram
7p
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
The order in
which the orbitals
are filled can also
be predicted from
the graph of
ionization energy.
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
H
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
He
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Li
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Be
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
B
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
C
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
N
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
O
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
F
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ne
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Na
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Mg
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Al
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Si
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
P
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
S
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Cl
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
Ar
1,500
3s
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ar
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
K
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ca
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Sc
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ti
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
V
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Cr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Mn
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Fe
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Co
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ni
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Cu
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Zn
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ga
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Ge
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
As
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Se
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Br
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Rb
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Sr
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Y
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Tc
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Cd
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
Ne
2,000
4p
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
In
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
5p
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Sb
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
5p
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Xe
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
5p
2,500
5p
He
4d
5s
4p
Ne
2,000
3d
4s
3p
3s
Ar
1,500
Cs
2p
2s
1s
H
Kr
Xe
1,000
500
Li
1s 2s
0
Na
2p
K
3s
3p
Rb
4s
3d
4p
Cs
5s
4d
5p
Mike Jones
Pisgah High School
Canton NC
[email protected]
7p
Spare parts
6d
5f
7s
6p
5d
4f
6s
5p
4d
5s
4p
+
3d
4s
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s