Transcript The Plan of Implementation adopted at The World Summit on

SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI
Seminar on
Indo-British Perspectives on Planning and Architecture Education
August 19-20, 2010
USE OF TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Integrated Water Resource Management Plan,
Bharatpur
2nd Year, M.Planning (2008-10)
Department of Environmental Planning
Contributions by: Ashish, Debashish, Garfield, Jyoti , Priyanka, Raina, Rajni, Roshni, Ruth, Sneha, Tamosi, Vivekanand
INTRODUCTION
 Integrated Water Resource
Management (IWRM) Plan for
Bharatpur, Rajasthan taken up
for Studio Exercise as a part of
3rd
Sem,
Master’s
in
Environmental Planning course
curriculum. (Aug – Nov’ 2009)
CLIMATE
CHANGE
MITIGATION
BIODIVERSITY
WATER
THREAT
 AIM: Conservation of Biodiversity in the threatened Keoladeo National
Park (KNP) in context of Climate Change & arising water scarcity.
 Application of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) approach for
managing water resource and conservation of Biodiversity.
STRUCTURE of PRESENTATION
• PROJECT INTRODUCTION
• DATA COLLECTION AND ISSUE IDENTIFICATION
• FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH
• METHODOLOGY
• SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS
• FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
• PLANNING APPROACH
PROJECT INTRODUCTION
 Spatial extents of KNP 27º7’6”N – 27º 12’2”N and 77º 29’5” E – 77º 33’9”E
 Area of 29 sq.km, situated on the western edge of the Gangetic basin on confluence of
R. Ruparel and R. Banganga in Bharatpur, Rajasthan.
 Created 250 years ago by flooding a natural depression through Ajan Bund.
 It is a freshwater marshy wetland.
 One of the 25 Ramsar Wetlands in India & an outstanding important bird areas .
 Only wetland to be a Protected area (1928), Ramsar site (1981) & World Heritage site (1985)
in north India.
Bharatpur
Distt
Location of Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur District
--Source: Envis centre on Wetland, MOEF
DATA COLLECTION & ISSUE IDENTIFICATION





Literature Review
NEWS Review
Primary Surveys
Data Collection from Secondary sources
Stakeholder Consultations
•
•
•
•
•
Local Govt. Officials
Non-Govt Organizations
Academicians & Environmental Research Groups
Local Public Representatives
Local Community
IMPORTANCE OF THE WETLAND
ECOLOGICAL:
 Annually supports more than 40,000 birds of 390 species.
 Over 130 nesting species.
 Wintering area for massive congregations of waterfowl and is the only wintering ground
for the highly endangered Siberian crane, migrating 6,400 km.
 Supports a number of other endangered species.
REPTILES
SOCIO- ECONOMIC:
 Supports Tourism
 Supports local economy by employment generation.
KADAMB TREE
WATER FOWL
EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT
“The Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan,
better known as the Bharatpur bird
sanctuary, is in the danger of losing its
Unesco World Heritage Site status if the
state government fails to build a drain to
bring
water
into
the
reserve.
The bird sanctuary, which receives more than
300 species of birds, including the Siberian
crane, has been facing a severe water crisis.”
The Times of India
“The world-renowned park is in
dire
need
of
immediate
intervention to restore its past
glory by ensuring supply of
550-mcft
water
annually.
Several species of birds have
deserted the park following
failure of projects to bring in
water.”
December 5, 2009, The Hindu
“Normally thronged by different
varieties of winged guests
during this time of the year,
Keoladeo National Park in
Bharatpur district this time
wears a deserted look due to
delayed and scanty rainfall.”
“India's famous Keoladeo National Park
at Bharatpur in Rajasthan is facing derecognition from the list of Unesco's
world heritage site after a two-member
team of the world organisation pointed
out the persistent water crisis in the
sanctuary”.
March 13, 2008, The Hindustan Times
The Tribune
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT UNDER THREAT
 80% decrease in Park Area: 154 sq.km
(1850) - 29 sq.km (2009): Change in Land
Cover from Forest to Agriculture.
 Decline in Water supply from 14,000
million litres (1964) - 5000 million litres
(2005) : Conflict of Interest groups.
Area in Sq. Km
Decrease in Area of KNP
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1850
1985
2009
1919
1928
Year
1967-1994
IMPLICATIONS
 Declining bird population and changing habitats:
grassland birds over dry marshlands
 Increase in dead trees.
 Occurrence of dry land vegetation like cactus.
 Invasion of prosopis juliflora: threat to native
species.
 Mining of groundwater for supply to wetland
resulted in lowering of water table and affected soil
quality.
Issues
 Steep Decline in population of Siberian Crane &
Sarus Crane.
WINTERING POPULATION OF SIBERIAN CRANE IN KNP
NO.OF SIBERIAN CRANE
250
200
150
100
50
0
YEARS
Decrease in Population of Siberian Crane
Incidence of Dead Trees
FORMULATION OF STUDY APPROACH
 International Case Studies
•
•
•
Murray Basin Strategic Wetland Management Plan, Australia
Peri-Urban Wetland Management, East Calsutta, India
Watershed Management in Alwar District, Rajasthan, India
 National & State Policy Framework
IWRM APPROACH
IWRMP is based on the fact
that all different uses of water
are interdependent
 “IWRM is a process that
promotes
the
coordinated
development and management
of water, land and related
resources in order to maximize
the resultant economic and
social welfare in an equitable
manner without compromising
the sustainability of vital
ecosystems.”
Source: The Global Water
Partnership GWP- 2002
 An IWRM plan is set within geographical and
political context, and takes into account all
activities and developments requiring water or
influencing the water resource.
Source: Global Water Partnership
IWRM AT POLICY LEVEL
The Plan of Implementation adopted at The World Summit on Sustainable Development in
Johannesburg In 2002 called for countries To “Develop Integrated Water Resources
Management and Water Efficiency Plans by 2005”.
Paradigm Shift in National & State level Policy for Water Management:
from water supply to integrated management of water resources.
National Action Plan on Climate Change
Conservation of wetland through catchment
area planning with importance to Land Use &
Land Cover.
The Rajasthan State Water Policy (1999),
Draft State Water Policy (2005)
National Water Policy (2002)
The adoption and implementation of
Integrated Water Resources Management,
involving the community.
The National Environmental Policy, 2005
It underlines the need of water resource
conservation and appropriate management
through an integrated approach.
Wetland Policy under E(P) Act, 1986
Integrate wetland conservation, including
conservation of village ponds and tanks, into
sectoral development plans for poverty
alleviation and livelihood improvement
METHODOLOGY
Introduction to Exercise
Background Studies
Concept of IWRM
Aim, Objective, Methodology,
Scope, Limitation
Case Studies
Delineation of
Study Area
Stakeholder Consultations
Baseline Study
Regional
Urban
Wetland
Stakeholder Consultations
Analysis
Regional
•Slope Analysis
•GW Extraction Potentiality
•Assessment of water
requirement based on availability
Wetland
•Slope Analysis
•Habitat Analysis
•Water Availability Analysis
Urban
•Slope Analysis
•Land Use Analysis
•Infrastructural Stress
Analysis
•Environmental Analysis
Organization & Management
Issues & Gaps
Proposal
Regional
Urban
Wetland
Organization & Management
SOFTWARE TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS AND
PRESENTATION




ADOBE Photoshop
Arc GIS
Auto CAD
MS Office
FRAMEWORK OF ANALYSIS
 Regional Level Analysis
 Urban Area Level Analysis
 Institutional Analysis
REGIONAL LEVEL ANALYSIS




K.N.P. Watershed Area Delineation
Surface Water Hydrology Status
Ground Water Extraction Potential
Water Availability and Requirement Projections
KNP WATER SHED AREA DELINEATION
Water sheds of Ruparel, Banganga & R. Gambhir
CLIMATE
LAND USE & LAND COVER
 Annual Avg Rainfall (1960 2007): 525-575 mm
 Annual Avg. Rainfall
Variation is 29.33%
 Reduction of Rainy days :
1 33.5(1970) to 16.6(2005)
LAND USE -1991
AREA (in sq Km)
ARABLE IRRIGATED
1426
ARABLE UNIRRIGATED
812.35
FOREST
52.52
SCRUB
16.23
WASTELAND
8.7
URBAN
22.23
TOTAL AREA
2337.37
IN (%)
61.01
34.75
2.25
0.69
0.37
0.95
WATER SHED OF KNP
WATER RESOURCE REGION
 Yamuna subbasin -2

-Ruparel
- Banganga
- Gambhir
Districts (Partly)
- Bharatpur - Alwar
- Jaipur
- Dausa
- Kaurali
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY STATUS
River
Ruparel
Length
12.34km
Catchment
898.20
Area
sq.km
Bunds
34
Capacity of
bunds
19.12mcm
Area
174.64
irrigated
sq.km
BanGanga
52.07km
1438.97 sq.km
81
78.16mcm
263.07 sq.km
 Drying of Rivers due to harvesting structures upstream accross
Bangana in Jaipur and Ruparail in Alwar)
 Inland river system - a reason behind the reduced surface water flow.
 Borrowing water from R.Gambhir watershed for irrigation and KNP.
 Over-exploitation of ground water for irrigation and other uses.
GROUND WATER EXTRACTION POTENTIAL
PARAMETERS :
 Quantitative Analysis: Depth to Water Table, Yeild, Development stage of Ground Water
 Qualitative Analysis : Fluoride content, Salinity, Nitrate content
WATER AVAILABILITY & REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS
Hydrological cycle in Bharatpur
PHASE
Quantity (in mlts)
% SHARE
Rainfall
1345692
100
Evapotranspiration
807415
60
Percolation
524820
39
Run-off
13456
1
Annual Present Water Requirement & Availability
(Million Litres/Yr)
61.8
 This
gap
is
created
because
of
overexploitation of ground water.
 Flood irrigation practice in arid area with
sandy alluvial soil
 Water Scarcity leading to shift in Agriculture
from wheat to mustard and barley.
Annual Present Water Requirement By Use (Million
Lts./Yr)
15000 (1%)
demand
wetland
7315 (1%)
cattle
availability
52.5
irrigation
31235 (3%)
domestic
0
45.0
50.0
55.0
60.0
'0000 million ltres/yr
962819
(95%)
200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000
65.0
 Present demand- 1231 lpcd
 Availability- 1045 lpcd which is less than FAO standard of 1370 lpcd
 Gap- 158.25 lpcd or 92998 mlts per yr
Water (mlts /year)
URBAN AREA LEVEL ANALYSIS
 Land Use
 Infrastructure
 Environmental Status
LAND USE
 Population Municipal Area: 2.05 lacs (2001 Census).
 Bharatpur urban area spreads over 29 sq kms, with Fort as the core & walled city
around it. Newer developments spread from Walled City along the NH-6.
 Increase in Slum areas and decreasing percentage of Open spaces.
 Degrading status of water bodies & open areas due to Urbanization pressure:
Encroachment & Reclamation of water bodies, stress on Urban Infrastructure.
Land Use, 2001
INFRASTRUCTURE
TRADITIONAL WATER SYSTEM:
 Traditional Water Management system based on natural drainage: rain-water harvesting &
prevention of flooding.
 Two moats around Lohagarh fort: Sujan Ganga (Inner Moat) & Outer Moat.
 Canals, Bunds & Drains
 Sources of Domestic Water Supply: Moti Jheel (R. Ruparel & R.Banganga), Wells in Outer &
Inner Moats, Wells & Diggis elsewhere.
Sujan Ganga
Moti Jheel
Drains flow into CFCD
Outer Moat
Water System in Bharatpur
Infrastructure
PRESENT WATER SYSTEM:
 Sources of Water Supply: Bandh Baretha (Surface water) 40%
Mandoli (Ground water) 60%
 Total demand - 27.6 MLD; Supply - 19.4 MLD. GAP of 8.2 MLD. 40% Distribution losses.
 Large scale Ground water extraction taking place.
 Degradation of traditional water system & water harvesting structures.
Bandh Baretha
Over-exploitation of GW
Coverage of Municipal Water Supply
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
PARAMETERS:
• Physiography
• Density
• Land Use
• Infrastructure
• Status of Open spaces & Water bodies
40% of Municipal Area
with 65% population under
high environmental stress.
Environmental Status
CONCLUSION
DRYING &
DEGRADATION OF
SURFACE
WATER BODIES
IMPACT ON
BIODIVERSITY
LOSS OF BASE FLOW
OVER DEPENDENCE
ON GROUND
WATER
EXTRACTION RATE
EXCEEDING
INFILTRATION RATE
INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
ISSUES

Lack of co-ordination amongst various organisations at distt. & state level urban &
rural areas leading to lack of infrastructure or ad-hoc provisions

Missing Links in the current Institutional set-up at Distt level: Lack of Funds,
National Water Fund cannot be availed.

Field level agencies not identified making it impossible to derive funds for IWRM of
implement them.

Non-implementation of 73th & 74th CAA; required for required Institutional setup under National Water Policy.

No Powers to community causing lack of participation in plan.
PLANNING APPROACH
PROPOSALS
REGIONAL
URBAN
WETLAND
Water Budgeting for:
 Land Management
• Water Management
 Domestic water demand
 Provision of Sustainable
Infrastructure
• Vegetation Management
 Irrigation water demand
WATER BUDGET




Total Projected Population (2029) is 2262377
Total domestic water demand by 2029 would increase 1.78 times over the present
That of rural area would increase 1.6 times & that of urban will be 2.2 times
Increase in total water demand by 2029 will be by 85% of present or 1.8 times.
Present & Projected (2029) Water Requirement
For All Uses (Million Litres/Yr)
Present & Projected (2029)domestic Water Requirement
(Million Litres/Yr)
53791.9
60000
1143336
50000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
16014.4
40000
617691
30000
30211.4
37777.5
16132.8
14078.5
20000
10000
Present
Projected
0
R ural
Urban
P rojec tetd
P res ent
T otal
PROJECTED WATER DEMAND IN URBAN AREA
Water Demand Calculation
2001
2029
2029
Population
Water Demand
Population
Water Demand Waste Water Generation
2,05,235
21.49 mld.
2,90,000
30.55 mld.
24.44 mld.
ExistingFOR WATER DEMAND
DERIVED
STANDARDS
Use
Requirement Losses Total Reqd
Standard
Residential (lpcd)
Existing (lpcd)
New (lpcd)
PSP
Proposed
Standard
Remarks
135
60
81
9
12.15
69
93
70 lpcd
95 lpcd
Without Sewerage
With Sewerage
45
37.5
5.625
43
10780 lt per
ha per day
Density 250 pph
Hospital (lpcd)
Boardings (lpcd)
Hostel (lpcd)
Commercial
Retail, Wholesale &
Entertainment (lpcd)
Hotels (lpcd)
Restaurant (lpcd)
450
135
135
220
30
80
33
4.5
12
253
35
92
250 lpcd
35 lpcd
90 lpcd
Per Bed for >100
beds
Per Pupil
Per Resident
45
20
3
23
180
70
135
70
13.5
70
149
70
Mixed (lpcd)
Industry
Knowledge based
Industry (lpcd)
152
85.05
12.7575
98
95 lpcd
45
37.5
5.625
43
10780 lt per
ha per day
Considering as
PSP/Offices,Density
250 pph
8500
1275
9775
9775 lt per
ha per day
Low water
consuming SSI
Offices (lpcd)
Institutional (lpcd)
Medium & Small
Scale (lt per ha per
day)
5750 lt per
ha per day
150 lpcd
70 lpcd
Density 250 pph
Per Bed
Per seat
5% additional to
Residential
 For existing standards, guidelines of UDPFI & PHED, Rajasthan have been considered.
 For minimum required quantities, Design Manual for Water Supply & Treatment, India 1991 and
Construction Manual for Large & Medium Projects, MoEF 2007 have been referred.
 Wastage and Distribution losses upto a maximum of 15% have been accounted.
 Waste Water generation is assumed to be 80% of the consumed water as a thumb rule.
STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES FOR REGIONAL LEVEL WATER MANAGEMENT
STRATEGY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN CITY
THRUST ON:
1.Reduce, re-use and recycle
2.Decentralisation
3.Rejuvenation of traditional Systems
Waste Management
Rejuvenation
Prioritization of Focus Areas
LAND MANAGEMENT PROPOSALS
 Zones of Poor environmental status:
Decongestion, Upgradation of
existing infrastructure
 Zones of Fair environmental status
Medium development zone:
Residential, Non polluting/light
engineering/skill based industries
 Potential Zone
No built & Low development zone:
Institutions, Ecological sites, Ecohotels
INFRASTRUCTURE PROPOSAL
WATER SUPPLY
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Management of Piped supply network & new
 Sanitary Landfill site (10 ha)
sources.
 Considerations:
 Revival of potable water sources in/around Moats. Natural Slope, Wind Direction, Ground
Water Table, Distance from Surface Water
bodies, Residential areas, Transport Routes
DRAINAGE
 Supply to KNP in Wet spell & Discharge to
CFCD in Dry spell.
 Decentralised system for Rain Water
Harvesting at Plot level & Community level.
 Considerations:
Natural Slope, Existing Drainage Channels
WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
 Decentralized System: 3 stages
 Combination of Free Floating (Outer Moat),
Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland
System & Maturation Pond : 80% efficiency
 Use of Vegetation & Fishes
 Supply of treated waste water(Category D)
to KNP.
Constructed Wetland
Recharge shaft
PROPOSED WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR KNP
 From Ajan Bundh (400-500mcft) in times of good monsoon.
 Low water consuming crops & checkdams in the surrounding region will help raise the
ground water table & sustain the base flow
 Treated Wastewater from urban area would be additional source
Period
July-October
November-March
April- June
Volume of Water (mld)
Volume of
wastewater in ML
14.6
14.6
14.6
1796
2205
1328
Volume of water
from Ajan Bundh in
ML
12,204
11,796
0
Estimation of Water Supply to KNP
 5329 mlts of treated wastewater can be provided to park even during drought periods
 Maintenance of wildlife habitat even during times of acute water shortage.
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT


Management of invasive species: Removal of unwanted species through manual,
mechanical & biological methods and re-introducing buffalo-grazing
Less water consuming plant species should be grown. Some of these are:




Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schult-(thin Napier grass)- drought resistant and suitable for
semi-arid areas in India
Leucaena leucocephala- High photosynthesis and low transpiration
Controlling growth of eucalyptus around KNP as it is high water-consuming tree
and replace them with other hardy species like neem.
Grow plant species that prevent evapo-transpiration like:
Aquatic Plant Species
Present in
Numphaea Lotus
Water Lilly,
KNP or
District
YES
YES
Salvinia, Azolla,
Nymphaea, Nelumbo,
Memna, Walffia,
Spirodela
Duckweed
Nymphaea
Lotus
(Lemna Mina & Spirodela
Polyrheiza
NO
YES
Comments
Retard loss by 5-18%
Floating leaved plants reduce ET
when plant leave coverage is high
Floating leaved plants reduce ET
when plant leave coverage is high
Transpires b/w 0.85 -0.9*.
*Plants with transpiration of < 1
reduce water loss.
Water Lily
PROPOSED USE ZONING IN KNP
EXISTING ZONES:
At present the entire national park has been
divided into three zones:
1. core/ bird watching zone,
2. administrative cum tourist facility zone and
3. eco-restoration zone.
PROPOSED ZONES:
 It is essential to create distinct zones within
the park area depending on ecological,
logistic and recreational usage.
 Depending on the season and propriety,
certain areas in the park are designated as
follows:
1. Core zone
2. Buffer zone
3. Controlled use area
4. Intensive use area
5. Multiple use area
Proposed Spatial Zoning
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRM
PROPOSAL ( I)
 Integration of PHED, RUIDP & WRD at directorate of watershed & soil
 Solutions to agreement between ALWAR, JAIPUR & BHARATPUR
 Identification of distt. & local level nodal agencies for Plan formulation & implementation.
PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK FOR IWRM
PROPOSAL ( II )
 Implementation of 73th &74th CAA can help to bridge missing link institutional set up
&inter departmental co-ordination
 Establishment of State Finance Commission of DPC under CAA for integration & funding of
DPRs.
THANK YOU