Transcript オーストラリア研究(英語)

オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
Hand in your Racial
Discrimination Homework
Don’t forget to write your name!
(ユーロビジョン・ソング・コンテスト)
Eurovision Song Contest’s 60th
anniversary: Australia one-off invite
• Judge: ‘be smart and
forget about Australia for
the time being, to avoid
the tall poppy syndrome
(優れた人材症候群）
…Australians especially,
with the tyranny of
distance （距離の過酷さ）,
have to access the global
market.’
Australian Guy Sebastian
comes 5th in Eurovision
Racial Discrimination in
Australia: Past
• Aborigines/Stolen Generations
• white superiority, Aborigines as animals
• ‘Yellow peril’
• Immigration Restriction Act (White
Australia policy)
• Internment of Japanese during WWII
• ‘Wogs’ (Italians, Greeks)
• Discrimination against Irish (Ned Kelly)
R.D. in Australia: Now
Racial Discrimination Act suspended 07-10
• Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy)
• N.B. legally have same rights
• Asians: racist violence (e.g….)
Protest in New Delhi against racial
attacks on Indians in Australia
(January 17th 2010)
R.D. in Australia: Now
Racial Discrimination Act suspended 07-10
• Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy)
• N.B. legally have same rights…
• Asians: racist violence (e.g….)
• Anti-Japanese/Chinese feeling
– barred entry to nightclubs/pubs, ‘Jap’
– whaling…
• ‘One Nation’ Party (Pauline Hanson)
(X White Australia policy)
• Cronulla Beach Riots (Sydney)
December 2005
Cronulla Riots
Cronulla Riots
• Dec. 10th 2005: Lebanese Australian men
attacked members of the N. Cronulla Surf
Life Saving Club after they asked them to
stop playing soccer because it was
disturbing other beach users
• The next day, 5,000, mainly whites,
gathered on Cronulla Beach
• Australia's biggest racist protest since
vigilante miners killed two Chinese at
Lambing Flat in 1860…
• “Australians not racist,” says John Howard
讀賣新聞１４．１２．０５
p.7
「白豪主義」なお
豪・移民と衝突
• 衝突は、１９７０年代に撤廃されたとはいえ、
完全に消え去ることのない「白豪主義」と、米
同時テロ以降に深まった中東系移民への不
信感に起因する民族対立を改めて浮き彫り
にした。
• イスラム系人口は全体の１．５％（３０万人）
– ４割は７０年代の内戦を逃れてきたレバノン系
讀賣新聞 2005.12.13 p.7
オーストラリア人の約1割は人種至上主
義者＝調査(1 in 10 Aussies racist)
2008年 09月 29日 19:42 JST
［キャンベラ ２９日 ロイター］ 人口に占める移民の比率が高く、多
民族国家として知られるオーストラリアだが、国民の１０人に１人は「人
種至上主義者」であることが調査で明らかになった。(belief in racial
supremacy)
調査はウエスタン・シドニー大学が約１０年にわたり、ニューサウスウ
エールズ州の約１万２５００人を対象に実施。イスラム系など一部の民
族グルー プが現代オーストラリア社会に属していないと考える人も全体
の４６％になるなど、人種差別的視点を持つ人が少なくないことも明ら
かになった。(Muslims don’t belong in Australia)
調査を率いたケビン・ダン氏は、地元ラジオ局に対し「８０％以上の人
が文化の多様性はメリットがあると考え、オーストラリア社会にとって良
いこと だと見ている」とコメント。その上で、全体の１０分の１は、人種に
よって優劣があると信じる人種至上主義的な人だという見方を示した。
R.D. in Japan: Past
• Ainu /Okinawaans (cultural destruction)
• Colonialism
（そうしかいめい）
- e.g. Manchurian incident / 創氏改名
• Koreans and Chinese forced workers
- e.g. massacre after 1923 earthquake
亀戸事件・甘粕事件
(x) Burakumin (eta-hinin)
(?)鬼畜米兵 (x) 鎖国
(x) Christians
R.D. in Japan: Present
? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions
? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label
? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’
• Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage)
Provocateurs: Riot police prevent an anti-Korean group (at left) and
Korean residents and their supporters from clashing Sunday in the ShinOkubo district in Tokyo (Japan Times, May 23rd, 2013)
R.D. in Japan: Present
? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions
? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label
? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’
• Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage)
• “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和)
2014/03/08: Banner in front of Urawa Red’s Supporters Section
“The area behind the goal post is our domain. We don’t want to see other
people, especially foreigners, entering that area.”
R.D. in Japan: Present
? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions
? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label
? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’
• Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage)
• “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和)
• Targeting dark-skinned people for 職務質問
（しょくむしつもん）
• akogare towards white people…
[金髪に高い鼻」は人種差別、ANA
新CMに外国人から苦情
http://www.debito.org/ANAHanedaAd2014.mp4
January 2014
R.D. in Japan: Present
? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions
? Foreign Students (housing), 外(国)人label
? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’
• Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage)
• “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和)
• Distrust/dislike/fear of black people
• akogare towards white people…
• (?) Ainu (1997振興法): apathy more than racism…
• (?) Assimilation （同化） of minorities… (X) Women
• (X) Voting rights (参政権) for foreigners…
Japan-Australia Relations (II)
“The International is personal”
Australian troops part of BCOF (British
Commonwealth Occupation Forces)
1947: 12,000 Australians in Japan
呉市
Anti-Fraternisation Policy
(非交際対策)
Personal Contacts with the
Japanese banned
Australian soldiers were not
allowed to enter…
•
•
•
•
Private houses, apartments, hotels
Trains, trams, buses, taxis
Restaurants, cafes, bars
Cinemas, dance halls, barbers, banks,
banks, brothels
• Beaches, pools, streams
立ち入り禁止区域!
“while relatives remain of the
men who suffered at the hands
of the Japanese, it would be
the grossest act of public
indecency to permit a
Japanese of either sex to
pollute (汚染) Australian or
Australian-controlled shores”
Arthur Calwell, Minister of Immigration (1948)
Fraternisation…
• 10-20,000 Japanese employed by BCOF
• Lived and worked closely together
• Prostitution flourished
• Relationships inevitable
Pidgin Japanese (片言日本語)
• Moose
• Hubba-hubba
• Onriwan
• Pampangaaru
Pidgin Japanese (片言日本語)
• Moose
Young J. girl
• Hubba-hubba
Hurry
• Onriwan
Mistress/Lover
• Pampangaaru
Prostitute
パンパン・ガール (II)
1) アメリカ人の仕種から来た
左の拳を丸めて穴を作って、その上をふた
をするように、右手の手のひらでつたたく、こ
れが。。。あれしよう。。。っていう意味。たた
くときパンパンって昔がすることから、娼婦
のことパンパンって言う （小学館文庫）
2) 食べ物
娼婦はパンを食べるのでパンパンという。。。
OR cost=2 pieces of bread?!?
“Panpan: Streetwalking in Occupied Japan” – academic paper on HP…
“I had poison and a suicide letter. He
didn’t know. I kept that deep in my
drawer and when the time comes I
will destroy myself because I
disgraced my parents, sister you
know. And after he go, what the
people say…like Madam Butterfly.”
Teruko Blair
‘War Brides’
• Refused entry until 1952
• Cherry Parker (Sakuramoto Nobuko) first
to arrive with 2 kids in June 1952
• 1952-57: 650 arrived
• Temporary 5-year visa
Brides as cultural ambassadors
stimulating immigration reform
「冷え切った日豪関係を雪解け期に導いた、貴重な存在」
1956/7
Change in Citizenship Law
– Non-Europeans could become citizens
1958
Revised Migration Act
– Dictation test abolished
– Race no longer mentioned
Most war brides naturalised (帰化)
Reaction to ‘War-Brides’
‘The decision [to accept Japanese
war brides] is shameful and
disgraceful…the government has
forgotten the feelings of mothers,
wives, and sisters of the men
butchered by the Japanese’
Arthur Calwell, Melbourne Herald April 2 1952
Reaction to War-Brides
• Discrimination
– called ‘Jap’, refused entry/service in shops…
– though often women seen as ‘victims’; hostility
reserved mainly for Japanese men
• Idea of ‘White Australia’ still widely accepted
– Immigration restrictions on non-Europeans
• Assimilation (同化) expectations strong…
– Become ‘Australian’, throw away Japan
＆
Australia's oldest chocolate bar
3 clips available online
http://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/green-tea-and-cherry-ripe/
War Brides: Extra Reading
•
•
•
•
“Good-bye to Sayonara” Shizuko Suenaga
“Michi's memories” Keiko Tamura
戦争花嫁 : 国境を越えた女たちの半世紀
写真花嫁・戦争花嫁のたどった道 : 女性移民
史の発掘 島田法子編著
• チェリー・パーカーの熱い冬
• http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s
1922788.htm
• www.naa.gov.au/Images/War%20brides_t
cm16-38308.pdf
Dear Mum,
(1952)
Hello! How are you?
How is Japan? It’s been
3 months since I arrived
in Australia as a ‘warbride’. The life here…
Don’t forget to add concrete
examples/episodes and to
express your feelings: use
your imagination!
オーストラリア研究(英語)
Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164)
[email protected] ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess
シフニーからダーウィン、マニラ経由したそ
の飛行機が、わずか６人のお客様を乗せ
て山口県防府に到着したのは１９４７年１２
月１８日のことでした。それから６０年、カン
タス航空は日本とオーストラリアを結び空
の便として数え切れないほどの客様をオー
ストラリアへお連れしています。
Kookaburra (ワライカワセミ)
カワセミ科笑いカワセミ
属のオーストラリアに生
息する鳥。森林にすみ、
昆虫や小型爬虫類を採
食する。人の笑い声のよ
うな音を出す。Laughing
jackass, settler’s clock
等ともいう[アボリ]
Laughing Kookaburra
Racism Homework
Please hand in!