オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 )

Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) [email protected]/http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

Australian teen survives nine weeks in wild

• An Australian teenager who went missing from his home in Sydney more than two months ago was discovered emaciated, exhausted and covered in leeches, but alive in bushland north of the city, police said Monday.

Japan-Australia EPA to come into effect start of next year

Tony Abbott threatens to “

shirt front’

’ Vladimir Putin at the G20

• Abbott vows to confront Mr Putin over the loss of Australian lives in the MH7 Malaysian Airlines tragedy at the G20 summit in Brisbane next month • A shirt-front is a front on charge designed to knock an opponent to the ground. It is most commonly used in reference to AFL…

Shorten (

ショーテン）

Abbott (

アボット）

A

ustralian

L

abor

P

arty ( 労働党 ) • National government from 1983~96, 2007~2013 Liberal Party ( 自由党 ) • National government from 1996-07, 2013~

Previous Federal Elections •2004 •2007 •2010 •2013

2004 Election: Historic Win

•

4 th

Election win for John Howard (1996, 1998, 2001, 2004) • Longest serving PM since Menzies – founded Liberal Party in 1944 – PM 1945-1966 • 「サッチャリズムが手本」 • Coalition Senate majority for first time since 1981!

（ 下院 ）

Nov. 2007 Federal Election

Kevin Rudd (Labor Party)

保 守

Landslide Victory ( 圧倒的勝利）

13.6 million Australian enrolled to vote, turnout 94.76%

Turnout 95.17% 6 year terms: half seats contested every 3 years

すばやく行動すること

Rudd Hits the Ground Running..

• Dec. 07: sworn in as PM – 1 st PM not to mention the Queen when taking his oath of office • Dec. ’07: signs Kyoto Protocol • Feb. ‘08: apologises to ‘stolen generations’ • July ‘09: Iraq withdrawal completed

Night of the Long Knives…

( 長いナイフの夜事件 ) • June 2010: collapse in support for Rudd's leadership of the Party • Rudd forced to step down, to be be replaced by Julia Gillard • 1 st Australian Prime Minister to be removed from office by his own party during his first term

Aug. 2010 Federal Election

Letter from a Tsuda student

• • 「 8 月 21 日はオーストラリアの選挙でした。実 際にその様子をオーストラリア訪問中に目の 当たりにし、以下における２つの事が私にとっ ての驚きでした： • （１）オーストラリアでは選挙は１８歳以上には 義務づけられているという点 （２）選挙中に ネガティブ・キャンペーン と呼ば れる、相手の党を侮辱・批判する CM やポ スターがあったこと。」

ネガティブ・キャンペーン

「オーストラリアは毎日ばんばんそのような CM を流してて驚きましたが、同時に新鮮だった。侮 辱とか批判とはいえ、私が見たのは、現在行っ ているダメージある政策とか、無駄遣いの現実 とか、ショッキングな感じに流して「あなたはこん な党に票を入れて、国にリスクを犯すのですか ？」的なことを訴えるものでした。 このようなキャンペーンをオーストラリアで日々 見てきて、私は今まで政治に全く無関心だった のに、これを機に興味を持つ事ができました。」

Negative campaigning…

2010

72}

2010/9/8

Australia leader ousted in snap leadership vote: Election to be brought forward?

• Kevin Rudd beat Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard in a ballot for the Labor leadership as the ruling party seeks to revive its fortunes ahead of an election that opinion polls show it will lose in a landslide.

Gillard passed a record amount of legislation for a post-war Australian Prime Minister • Australia's first National Disability Insurance Scheme , of direct benefit to the 500,000 Australians living with disability • Introduction of carbon pricing & an E missions T rading S cheme which has reduced carbon emissions in Austr. between 8-11% • Overseeing the Gonski review for the revolutionary overhaul of the entire primary and secondary education sector • Seeing that Australia take up a seat on the UN security council for the first time • Instituted life-changing policies for improvements in indigenous literacy • Overseeing a national broadband network of high-speed internet

A super-competent leader destroyed by sexism?

Achievement does not equal respect if you're a woman

• It must beggar belief in other developed stations to see a leader who has delivered low unemployment, low interest rates, low inflation, three triple-A credit ratings and the third-lowest rate of debt in the OECD shafted so brutally. • The problem for Julia Gillard was not - as it had been with her predecessor Rudd - her performance. It was that, from to beginning to end, she remained female… UK Telegraph, 26 June 2013

Sept. 2013 Federal Election

トニー・アボットさん オーストラリ ア次期首相

House of Representatives, 150 seats (Turnout 93.34%) Ｖｏｔｅｓ 5,583,213 6,411,135 ％ 46.55

53.45

Ｓｗ

i

ｎｇ -3.65

+3.65

Senate, 76 seats (Turnout 93.34%)

Australia’s Abbot Sworn in

Tony Abbot, left, poses with Gov. Quentin Bryce after being sworn in as the 28 th prime minister of Australia at Government House in Canberra

Major New Policies

• Abolish Carbon Tax – 二酸化炭素（ＣＯ２）排出企業に負担を課す炭素 税の廃止 • Use the Navy to turn back asylum seeker boats to Indonesian waters – アジアや中東などからの避難民がインドネシアか ら密航船で豪州を目指している船をストップ • Give women up to six months maternity leave, on full pay, upon the birth of a baby – 有給の産休（ 6 か月）

豪州の選挙制度（ History ）

豪州の選挙制度（ History ）

• House of Representatives (Lower House) 下院 （定数１５０）は小選挙区制 [ 日本：３００人は小選挙区制；２００人比例代表制 ] • Senate (Upper House) 上院 上院（同７６）は全国８選挙区ごとに定数を選出する 比例代表制 (12 from each of the 6 states; 2 from each of the mainland territories. Virtually equal power with HOR) [ 日本：１５２人は multi-member 選挙区制；１００人比 例代表制 ]

豪州の選挙制度（ History ）

• • • • 被選挙権・選挙権 – １８歳以上の国民（日本：２５・３０） 義務投票制 – １９２５年の総選挙以来 – ２０豪ドル（１６００円）の罰金 秘密（無記名）投票制 – １８５５年、世界ではじめて導入 女性参政権（１８９２年・１９０２年） 豪下 ＄３５０ （￥２８，０００） 豪上 ＄７００ （￥５６，０００） 日下 ３００万円 日上 ６００万円

Before being given the ballot paper, voters must answer 3 questions 1) What is your name?

2) Where do you live?

3) Have you voted before in this election?

No ID required!

How to vote?

Beach ballot: A family votes at a polling station on Sydney's Bondi Beach in Australia's general election Sunday. | AFP JIJI

Preferential Voting 順位制 （下院 ＆ 上院） • • • 「死票」 (wasted votes) を防ぐため 全候補者に１位、２位 etc と順位をつけて投票 一位票の過半数得票者がいなかった場合、最 下位の候補から除外 除外候補の投票した有権者の票は、２に選ん でいた別の候補に回す • (this is called the distribution of preferences ) 得票者が出るまでこの手順を繰り返す

To be elected ( 得票者になるため )…

HOR ( 下院 ): every 3 years 150 選挙区 (=electorates): each electorate elects 1 member (= 50% required) Senate ( 上院 ) ８選挙区 : each state has 12 senators: usually 6 senators are elected every 3 years (= 16.6% required)

下院

House of Representatives

上院

Senate

( 上院）

Problem: Senate Voting Undemocratic?

Because most (95%) of voters only indicate a party preference, the parties themselves decide how preferences are distributed

e.g.

2007, Victoria: Independent candidate elected to the senate despite receiving only 1.88% of the vote (56,376) after receiving preferences from all parties (The Greens got 8.7% of vote but nothing!)

Some Key Political Figures

•

Ken Wyatt,

first Aboriginal first self identifying* Aboriginal member member of the House of Representatives ( 下院） • Won the West Australian seat of Hasluck for the Liberals (2010); re elected 2013 *N.B Mal Brough is of Aboriginal descent but does not identify himself as such…

( 上院）

Aboriginal

Senate

Members

•

Neville Bonner

, first indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament (1971~1983) •

Aden Ridgeway

, only Aboriginal member of Parliament (1999-2005) • Former Olympian

Nova Peris

has become the first Aboriginal woman elected to Australia's national parliament in 2013

Pauline Hanson: November 6 th Lecture

Julia Gillard

• UK born • HOR member for Victoria since 1988 • Deputy Prime Minister of Australia (1 st woman) 2006~2010 • June 2010: Became 1 st female prime minister of Australia • Retired from politics after losing leadership election in June 2013

Penny Wong

• 1 st entered Senate in 2002 • Was Minister for Finance & Deregulation • 1 st openly gay member of the Australian Commonwealth Cabinet • 1 st Asian-born Federal Minister • Now Labor’s leader in the Senate…

Peter Garrett Ex-Minister for School Education & Youth (1 st elected in 2004 election from New South Wales; resigned with Gillard in June 2013; did not seek re-election)

APRA’s Ten Best OZ Songs

1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Friday on My Mind (The Easybeats) Eagle Rock (Daddy Cool) Beds are Burning (Midnight Oil) Down Under (Men at Work) Pub With No Beer (Slim Dusty) The Loved One (The Loved Ones) Don't Dream It's Over (Crowded House) Khe Sanh (Cold Chisel) It's A Long Way To The Top (AC/DC) Quasimodo's Dream (The Reels)

Beds are Burning (Midnight Oil)

• The time has come To say fair's fair To pay the rent To pay our share The time has come A fact's a fact It belongs to them Let's give it back How can we dance when our earth is turning?

How do we sleep while our beds are burning?

オーストラリア研究 ( 英語 )

Chris Burgess (1 号館 1308 研究室、内線 164) [email protected]/http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

Roger Pulvers

(Playwright/Director) • Leader in New Wave Australian Theatre • Plays first to be written by an Australian in Japanese