Transcript USHC – 5: T.S.W.D. an understanding of major social

Standard 4
Impact on Native Americans
• During and After the Civil War
– The government encouraged westward settlement
– Transcontinental RR brought more people
– RR builders encouraged the killing of buffalo
• Could ruin the tracks
– US government took land from tribes and forced
NA onto reservations
– NA resisted (Wounded Knee) but lost their tribal
lands and were forced to assimilate
Factors of
Production
• Land
– Resources
• Labor
– People
• Capital
– Money
• Technology
– New Ideas
• Entrepreneurship
– Risk to start a business
Natural
Resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Water
Timber
Coal
Iron
Copper
• Petroleum (Oil) 
Kerosene (stoves/lanterns)
Government Aid
• US gov’t wanted to promote
businesses
• Dartmouth v. Woodward- 1819
– Limited states’ power over
businesses
• Patent laws protected
inventions
• Gibbons v. Ogden- 1824
– US gov’t has the power to regulate
interstate commerce (passes over
state lines)
• Morrill Tariff- 1861
– Higher tariffs placed on foreign
goods.
– PROTECTION from foreign markets.
Chinese Exclusion Act
• 1882
• Prohibited most Chinese
from entering the United
States
• Did not include:
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Students
Teachers
Merchants
Tourists
Government Officials
• Take jobs from Americans
Capitalism
• Economic system
• Private ownership of
property
• Used the property to
make a profit for the
individual or the
corporation
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–
Railroad
Steel
Lumber
Meat Packing
Coal
Railroads
• Transcontinental Railroad
– Sea to sea
• 1890s
– 200,000 miles
• Created new
towns/markets
• Abuse
– High prices
Steel
• Used coal to heat/melt
iron  Steel
• Bessemer Process
– 1850
– Injected air into molten
iron
– Removed carbon and
impurities
– Made stronger steel
• Brooklyn Bridge (1883)
• Skyscrapers
• Railroads
Oil
1859
• Edwin L. Drake
• Used the steam engine
to drill for oil
Standard 4
Andrew Carnegie
• Carnegie Steel Company
– By 1899, it produced
more steel than all of GB
• Vertical Integration –
– Bought out suppliers
– Controlled raw materials
& transport
John D. Rockefeller
• Standard Oil Company
• Joined with competing
companies
• Horizontal Integration –
– Bought out or aligned
with competition
– Control of oil market
Social Darwinism
• Evolution of human
society
• Rich = God’s favor
• Poor = lazy/inferior
• Laissez Faire
Capitalism– “allow to
do”
– Economy controls itself
– No government
regulation
Can’t beat ‘em, Join ‘em!
• Monopoly – complete
control of industry
– Production
– Wages
– Prices
• Trust Agreement- several
similar businesses aligned
together
– Owners earn money off
each other's profit
Government Control
• Sherman Antitrust Act
– 1890
– Illegal to interfere with
free trade between
states and countries
– Eventually failed
• Trusts/Monopolies
were too powerful
• Government was too
weak to enforce the law
Criticism of Capitalism
• “Robber Barons”American capitalists of
the late 19th c. who
became wealthy
through exploitation
– Natural resources,
governmental influence,
or low wages
• Corrupt business
owners or Captains of
Industry?
Captains of Industry
• Carnegie– Gospel of Wealth- those
with vast wealth had the
responsibility to use it
for good
• Libraries, university,
music, philanthropy
• Rockefeller– Philanthropist- a person
who is concerned about
human welfare
Changes for Women
• Invention of the
typewriter and the
telephone
– New job opportunities
– New conveniences in the
home
Standard 4
• Monday
Supply and Demand
• Supply- goods being
sold
– How much to sell?
– What price?
• Demand- people buying
goods
– What to buy?
– What price?
Supply and Demand
• Price Decreases  Demand Increases 
Supply Decreases
• Price Increases  Demand Decreases 
Supply Increases
Issues for Farmers
1800s
• Steel plow/Mechanized
reaper
– Improved production
– Led to surplus of crops
– Crop prices fell
• Farmers mortgaged
land
• Railroads
Issues for Railroads
• Railroad Prices
– High prices to transport
goods
• No competition to lower
prices
– Cost more $ to ship grain from the
Dakotas to Minneapolis by rail than
from Chicago to England by boat
• Interstate Commerce Act
– Attempted to regulate RR
– Crossed over state lines
– Federal issue
Farmers Reform
• Farmers started working
together to improve their
economic issues
1867
• The Grange – provide a
social outlet and education
for isolated farm families
1870s
• Farmers’ Alliances – Fought
the railroad companies
– 4 mil members organized
together
Populism
• “Movement of the
People”
• Farmers
• Laborers
Populist Party
1892
• Protect democracy from
“Big Business”
– Popular election of senators
(highest % wins)
– Secret ballots (prevent
intimidation)
– Graduated income tax (more
money you make, the more
you pay)
– 8 hr work day
– Immigration restrictions
• Successful in the South and
West
Election of 1896
William Jennings Bryan
William McKinley
Populist Party
Republican
Farmers and Laborers
Bankers and Businessmen
Bimetallism- paper money backed by gold Gold Standard- paper money backed by
and/or silver; increased the money supply only gold; less money available; each
available to the nation
dollar was worth more
Cross of Gold Speech- the gold standard
was referred to as a “crown of thorns”
and a “cross of gold” meant to hurt the
common person
Front Porch Campaign- most of his
campaign was spent near his home; gave
speeches only to those who he knew
would support him
• McKinley won the election
• Most people did not like Bimetallism
• Tuesday
Working Conditions
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6-7 days a week
12 + hr days
No Vacation
No Sick Days
No Worker’s Comp.
Dirty
Poorly Ventilated (no air flow)
Low wages
Working Conditions
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
• NYC, March 25, 1911
• Fire spread quickly through oil-soaked
machines
• All but one door locked (prevent theft)
• No sprinklers
• 146 women died
Wages
1899
• Children
– $0.27 for 14 hr day
• Women
– ~ $267 per year
• Men
– $498
• Andrew Carnegie (Steel Mogul)
– $23 million per year
Labor Unions
• Why?
– Negotiate between workers and owners
• Issues:
– Pay, Hours, Working Conditions
• Tactics:
– Strikes, Boycotts, Marches
• Knights of Labor, Industrial Workers of the
World, American Federation of Labor
Strikes and Outrage
• Protest
• Stop working until demands are met
• Often replaced by “scabs”
– Workers who crossed picket lines
Famous Strikes
When
Where
Who
Why
The Great
Strike of 1877
July 1877
Baltimore and
Ohio
Railroad
Workers
2 Wage Cuts
The Haymarket
Affair (Protest)
May 4, 1886
Chicago
Chicago
Citizens
Police Brutality
The
Homestead
Strike
June 29, 1892
Pennsylvania
Steel Workers
Wage Cuts
The Pullman
Spring 1894
Company Strike
Indiana
Railroad
Workers
Wage Cuts
Mother Jones’
Child Labor
March
New York and
Washington
D.C.
Children and
Workers
Child Labor
1903
• Wednesday
Urbanization
• Growth of cities
• Immigrants
• Farm-hands
– 1890-1910: 200,000
• Exciting
• Vast cultural
experiences
Problems- Housing
• Live on outskirts of city
• Rent cramped rooms
• Tenements- multifamily
houses
ProblemsTransportation
• Mass Transit- Transport.
Systems
– Move large #s of people
– Fixed routes
• Street Cars (1873)
• Subways (1897)
Problems- Water
• Public Waterworks
– Supply water
• No indoor plumbing
• Filtration (1870s)
– Prevent cholera & typhoid
ProblemsSanitation
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Horse manure
Sewage (human)
Air pollution
Garbage
Nasty living conditions
Problems- Crime
• Pickpockets
• Thieves
Problems- Fire
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Limited water supply
Wooden buildings
Candles & kerosene
Volunteer Firefighters
The Great Chicago Fire
v. The San Francisco
Earthquake (pg. 471)
• Thursday
European
Immigrants
• 1870-1920
• 20 million on East Coast
• Western and Northern
Europe 1st
• Southern and Eastern
Europe later
• Religious freedom
(Jews)
• Rising population
• Lack of jobs/land
Chinese
Immigrants
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1851-1883
300,000 on West Coast
Limited by Congress
Gold
Railroads
Farming
Mining
Japanese
Immigrants
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1898 – US annexed Hawaii
1884-1920
200,000 on West Coast
Wages
West Indies Immigrants
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1880-1920
260,000 in South East
Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico
Jobs
Mexican Immigrants
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Late 1800s-1930
700,000 (7% of Mexican pop.)
Western states
Jobs
Political turmoil
Farming
• Friday
The Progressive Movement
• A movement of the
middle class
• Objected to paying
taxes to corrupt city
governments
• Desired better city
services
Muckrakers
• Journalists who wrote
stories exposing abuse
in government and big
business
• Inexpensive
newspapers and books
• Upton Sinclair
– The Jungle
– Exposed the meat
packing industry
The Women’s Suffrage Movement
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•
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The right for women to vote
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Carrie Chapman Catt
– National American Women’s
Suffrage Association
• Alice Paul
– National Women’s Party
• Led to the 19th Amendment
– Women gained the right to
vote
Corruption
• Robber Barons
– Wealthy entrepreneurs known
to be criminal
– Forced employees to vote their
way
• Spoils System
– Rewarded political supporters
with government positions
– Pendleton Act and Civil Service
Commission
• Required applicants to pass a
test when applying for an
official position
• Promotions based on merit not
connections or loyalty
Jane Addams
• “Mother of Social Work”
• Hull House
– Chicago
– Poor neighborhoods
– Aided immigrants and
underprivileged citizens
– Provided education, English
lessons, child care, etc.
• Wanted to stop child labor
• Improve economic, social,
and living conditions in
cities
Theodore Roosevelt
• 1st president to give support
to the rights of workers
• ‘Bully Pulpit’
• Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
of 1902
– Forced owners to negotiate
with their workers in order to
avoid a strike
• Interstate Commerce Act
– Regulated Railroads
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act
– “trust-buster”
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• Meat Inspection Act
• National Parkers
Woodrow Wilson
• Elected in 1912
• Opposed big business and
government
• Federal Reserve Act
– Oversee banking in the US
– Control of money circulation
• Clayton Antitrust Act
– Legalize strikes, peaceful
picketing, and boycotts
• 16th Amendment
– Graduated income tax from
individuals and businesses
• 17th Amendment
– Direct election of Senators
Bull Moose Party