Transcript 10th Euro Studies 11.05.14

10th Euro Studies 11.05.14
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Today’s objective:
 I can describe the thoughts and
beliefs of different Enlightenment
thinkers
Today’s Agenda:
The Enlightenment Thinkers
 England: Hobbes & Locke
 France: Voltaire,
Montesquieu, and Rousseau
 Enlightened Rulers…
HW:
 None
Enlightenment Principles
• Religion, tradition,
and superstition
limited independent
thought
• Accept knowledge
based on
observation, logic,
and reason, not on
faith
• Scientific and
academic thought
should be secular
A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
So where are we…England:
• England in the mid-1600s.
– Chaos is everywhere. People are unhappy with
the shape of their nation.
• Disagreements about religion, liberties (freedoms), and
properties are all over.
– England is trying to figure out how government
should be run.
• Remember all the issues with the Civil War?
• Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, etc…
So who are Locke and Hobbes
• Both men had a tremendous impact on
revolutionary thought in England, America, and
France
• Both believed in a social contract, or an
agreement between individuals and their
government about rights in society.
• What they disagreed about was what should be
written in that contract…and how it should be
enforced…
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• Supported monarchies (kings)
• Said people are inherently selfish and evil.
• He wrote about this political philosophy in
his book, Leviathan.
– Said people chose a ruler and should
trust his decision making, or else their
natural selfishness would result
lawlessness and conflict.
According to Hobbes
• The only right people have is to protect their
own lives.
• All rights to everything else are trusted to the
king.
• All people are inherently savages, and cannot
be trusted in decision making as a group.
Are people inherently savages?
Hobbes’s Impact
• Influenced supporters of
the monarchy in Europe.
– Said the world is a place
where only the strong
survive unless order is
forced by a ruler.
– People should give up
individual liberty for public
safety.
Think about what he’s seeing in England at the time…
In revolutions are people safe?
John Locke (1632-1704)
• Said people have rights that
are above that of the good of
society.
– They include life, liberty,
and property.
– Governments and leaders
only exist to protect these
rights.
• Much of the basis for the
Declaration of Independence!
Locke’s main point…
• A ruler who denies people their basic rights is
a tyrant and can justly be overthrown.
• Again, think about what is happening in
England at the time…
Locke’s Impact
• Claimed there was no such thing as absolute
power.
– Parliament, the lawmaking body in England,
listens to Locke.
• Establish Habeas Corpus, or protection against unfair
arrest and imprisonment.
• English Bill of Rights guarantees basic protections in
England for the first time in the late 1600s.
Should people give up individual freedom for
security? During times of war? Times of Peace?
Meanwhile in France…
• People are beginning to take notice of
England.
• They rebel against the powerful kings that
have ruled for hundreds of years…
• The rich are too rich, and the poor are getting
poorer….
• The time is right for Revolution….
The Encyclopédie
• Major achievement of
the philosophes
• Begun in 1745;
completed in 1765
Frontspiece to the
Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie (continued)
• Denis Diderot and Jean
Le Rond d’Alembert
• Banned by the Catholic
Church
Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot
The French Salon and the
Philosophes
• Madame de
Pompadour
• Salons: gatherings
for aristocrats to
discuss new theories
and ideas
• Philosophes: French
Enlightenment
thinkers who
attended the salons
Madame de Pompadour
Voltaire (1694–1778)
• One of the most famous
philosophe
• Wrote plays, essays,
poetry, philosophy, and
books
• Attacked the “relics” of
the medieval social order
• Championed social,
political, and religious
tolerance
Deism
• Deists believed in
God but rejected
organized religion
• Morality could be
achieved by
following reason
rather than the
teachings of the
church
Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of
deism
Deism (continued)
• The “great
watchmaker”
• Thomas Paine
Thomas
Paine
10th Euro Studies 11.05.14
Turn in:
 Logout #5 (by Wednesday
11/5)
 Station Work Worksheet
Take out:




Planner
Pen/Pencil
Notes
Chart
Today’s objective:
 I can describe the thoughts and
beliefs of different Enlightenment
thinkers
Today’s Agenda:
The Enlightenment Thinkers
 England: Hobbes & Locke
 France: Voltaire,
Montesquieu, and Rousseau
 Enlightened Rulers…
HW:
 None