Transcript Document

China 1911-1934
L/O – To examine how the CCP and Kuomintang
developed during the years 1911-1934
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
• In medieval times China had
been an advanced civilisation. In
the 1800s, however, it was much
weaker than the growing empires
of western Europe.
• European traders moved in to
exploit its pottery, silk and gems.
There was an emperor of China
but he did not really control the
country.
• By 1900, China was dominated by
foreign powers, particularly
Japan, Britain and the USA.
The Decline of the Qing Dynasty
• In 1911 the last emperor of
China, Puyi, who was only 6
years old, was overthrown
in a revolution.
• China collapsed into chaos
as warlords divided the
country up into local minikingdoms of their own.
They recruited armies of
local peasants to control
their own areas.
The Kuomintang (KMT)
• This was the People’s
National Party and was
formed to unite China.
• It was set up by Sun Yat-sen
and was based on his 3
principles.
• He was determined to rid
China of foreign influence and
to remove the power of the
warlords.
The 3 Principles of the
Kuomintang
1.) Nationalism: to rid China of
foreign influence and
exploitation
2.) Democracy: to create a
more modern system of
government acceptable to the
people of China
3.) Social Advance: to bring
about reforms in industry and
everyday life and particularly
to improve the position of
Chinese peasants
The KMT allies with the Communists
• To start with the KMT had
little success. Sun Yat-sen
was impressed with what
the Communists had
achieved in Russia.
• In 1923 he turned to Russia
who supplied arms, money
and supplies but in return,
he had to ally with the
newly formed Chinese
Communist Party (CCP).
Sun Yat-sen Dies…
• In 1925 Sun Yat-sen died of
cancer. Chiang Kai-Shek,
who was the leader of the
KMT army, became leader.
• Chiang K-S was alarmed at
the growing power of the
CCP. Most KMT officers
were landlords or came
from the business classes.
They were afraid of the
Communists.
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• Formed in 1921 in Shanghai by
Mao Zedong & 12 others.
• Mao had studied Karl Marx &
believed all property should be
shared.
• The CCP worked hard to help
workers form unions.
• From 1924-1927 they helped the
KMT fight the warlords. The
influence of the CCP soon grew.
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• The influence of Soviet
Russia led the CCP to
concentrate on peasants
and workers. The KMT
ignored these groups.
• CCP offered land reform to
poor peasants. 95% of the
Chinese were peasants. 10
million members by 1927.
The Northern Expedition 1926-1928
• Chiang finally removed the
warlords with the help of the
CCP in 1928.
• Peasants & workers
welcomed Chiang’s armies &
there was little resistance
from the warlords.
• China was now reunified and
Chiang’s government was
recognised by foreign powers.
The Shanghai Massacres - 1927
• Chiang feared the growing
influence of the CCP,
especially in Shanghai.
• In 1927 he turned on them &
the KMT sent an army to
Shanghai. The workers of
Shanghai rebelled against the
warlord in the area.
• When Chiang’s army arrived,
it executed all the
Communists it could find.
Reorganising the CCP – 1927-1934
• Many Communist like Mao
The Eight Rules of the Red
escaped to the province of
Army
Kiangsi where Mao setup the
Kiangsi Soviet and Red Army 1. Speak politely
which had 11,000 members 2. Pay fairly for what you buy
3. Return anything you
by 1930.
• Support grew for the CCP as
land was redistributed to
peasants.
• The Red Army trained in
Guerrilla Warfare and was
told to respect peasants.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
borrow
Pay for everything you
damage
Don’t hit or swear at
people
Don’t damage crops
Don’t take liberties with
women
Don’t ill-treat prisoners
The Extermination Campaigns
• Chiang was determined to
crush the Kiangsi Soviet.
Between 1930-1934 he
launched 5 massive
extermination campaigns.
• The first 4 were failures due
to the guerrilla tactics used
by Mao’s forces. However
over a million civilians were
killed. Mao was criticised.
Mao on the tactics of
the Red Army, 1930
When the enemy
advances, we retreat.
When the enemy halts,
we harass.
When the army retires,
we attack.
When the enemy
retreats, we pursue.
Homework
• Read pages 2-5 of ‘The Impact of
Chairman Mao: China, 1946-1976’.
• In your books, briefly explain the
roles of the following in the events
of 1911-1934:
• Confuscius, The Qing Dynasty, Yuan
Shikai, Warlords, Sun Yat-sen, Chen
Duxiu, Chiang Kai-shek, Mao
Zedong