Transcript POLITENESS AND IRONY PRINCIPLE

POLITENESS
AND IRONY
PRINCIPLE
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POLITENESS IS
ISLAMIC VALUE
According to George Yule (1996) in his book “Pragmatics”
the traditional linguists have no real social lives whereas the
modern linguists tend to consider that linguistic interaction
has a tight relation to social interaction.
THE DEFINITION OF
POLITENESS
Politeness is the awareness of another person’s face. The
word “Face” in this case refers to the public self-image of a
person.
.
TWO IMPORTANT
FACTORS
There are two important factors in PP (Politeness Principle):
Age and Power. Towards the older and the more powerful
authority we pay respect since there is a distance. Towards
the same age and power there is a closeness or friendliness.
AN EXAMPLE
A. Excuse me, Mr. Buckingham, but can I talk to You for a
minute?
B. Hey, Bucky, got a minute?
Greeting somebody by uttering “Mr”+Last name shows that
there is a distance and respect whereas uttering one’s first
name shows friendliness or closeness.
IMPORTANT TERMS
“Face wants “ refers to the expectations dealing with one’s
face or public image.
“Face threatening act” refers to a threat/ancaman to another
self-image.
“Face saving act” refers to an act of saving one’s self image.
AN EXAMPLE
One day a young neighbor was playing music so loudly in
the middle of the night. At the same moment there was a
couple of older people who were trying to sleep.
The husband: “I’m going to tell him to stop that awful noise
right now”
The wife: “Perhaps you could just ask him if he’s going to
stop soon because it’s getting a bit late and people need to
get to sleep.
The saying of the husband is an example of face threatening
act whereas the saying of the wife in an instance of face
saving act.
NEGATIVE AND
POSITIVE FACE
A person’s Negative face is the need to be independent, to
have freedom fo action, and not be imposed on by others.
E.g: “mind your own business”, “I don’t care”, “Who cares?”,
“I want to be alone”.
A person’s positive face is the need to be accepted, even
liked, by others. In short, a need to be connected.
A UNIQUE PATTERN OF POLITENESS
PRINCIPLE
PRE-REQUEST
One way of avoiding risk is to provide an opportunity for the
other to halt the potentially risky action.
A: Are you busy? (pre-request)
B: not really (go ahead)
A: Check over this memo. (request)
B: Okay (accept)
C: Are you busy? (pre-request)
D: Oh, sorry (stop).
LEECH’S POLITENESS
MAXIMS
1 .The Tact maxim
2. The Generosity maxim
3. The Approbation maxim
4. The Modesty maxim
5 .The Agreement maxim
6 .The Sympathy maxim
THE TACT MAXIM
The Tact maxim/maksim kearifan/kebijaksanaan
The tact maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of beliefs
which imply cost to other; maximize the expression of beliefs
which imply benefit to other:
Could I interrupt you for a second?
If I could just clarify this then.
Tuan rumah : “Silakan makan saja
dulu, nak! Tadi kami sudah mendahului.”
Tamu
Bu.”
: “Wah, saya jadi tidak enak,
Di dalam tuturan tersebut, tampak
dengan sangat jelas bahwa apa yang
dituturkan si Tuan Rumah sungguh
memaksimalkan keuntungan sang Tamu.
THE GENEROSITY
MAXIM
The Generosity maxim/maksim kedermawanan
Leech's Generosity maxim states: 'Minimize the expression
of beliefs that express or imply benefit to self; maximize the
expression of beliefs that express or imply cost to self.'
Unlike the tact maxim, the maxim of generosity focuses on
the speaker, and says that others should be put first instead
of the self.
You relax and let me do the dishes.
You must come and have dinner with us.
Anak kos A : “Mari saya cucikan baju kotormu.
Pakaianku tidak banyak kok yang kotor”
Anak kos B : “Tidak usah, mbak. Nanti siang saya
akan mencuci juga kok.”
Dari tuturan tersebut, dapat dilihat dengan jelas
bahwa Anak kos A berusaha memaksimalkan
keuntungan pihak lain dengan cara menambahkan
beban bagi dirinya sendiri. Hal itu dilakukan
dengan cara menawarkan bantuan untuk
mencucikan pakaian kotornya si B
THE APPROBATION
MAXIM
The Approbation maxim/maksim penghargaan
The Approbation maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of
beliefs which express dispraise of other; maximize the
expression of beliefs which express approval of other.' It is
preferred to praise others and if this is impossible, to
sidestep the issue, to give some sort of minimal response
(possibly through the use of euphemisms), or to remain
silent.
I heard you singing at the karaoke last night. It sounded like
you were enjoying yourself!
Mr.Samidi, I know you're a genius - would you know how to
solve this math problem here?
Dosen A : “Pak, aku tadi sudah
memulai kuliah perdana untuk kelas
Business English.”
Dosen B : “Oya, tadi aku mendengar
Bahasa Inggrismu bagus sekali.”
Pemberitahuan yang disampaikan
dosen A terhadap rekan dosennya
pada contoh di atas ditanggapi
dengan sangat baik bahkan disertai
THE MODESTY MAXIM
The Modesty maxim/maksim kesederhanaan.
Maxim of modesty is one of the six maxims proposed by
Leech (1983) in his PP (politeness principle) meaning to
minimize praise or to maximize dispraise of self. The
Modesty maxim states: 'Minimize the expression of praise of
self; maximize the expression of dispraise of self.'
Oh, I'm so stupid - I didn't make a note of our lecture! Did
you?
Mari mampir ke gubuk saya.
Tadi saya kesini naik gerobak saya.
Ibu A : “Nanti ibu yang memberikan
sambutan dalam rapat Dasa Wisma
ya.”
Ibu B
: ” Waduh..nanti grogi aku.”
Dalam contoh di atas ibu B tidak
menjawab dengan: “Oh, tentu saja.
Memang itu kelebihan saya.” Ibu B
mengurangi pujian terhadap dirinya
sendiri dengan mengatkan: ”
THE AGREEMENT
MAXIM
The Agreement maxim/maksim kesepakatan
The Agreement maxim runs as follows: 'Minimize the
expression of disagreement between self and other;
maximize the expression of agreement between self and
other.'
A: I don't want my daughter to do this, I want her to do
that.
B: Yes, but ma'am, I thought we resolved this already on
your last visit.
Guru A
Guru B
: “Ruangannya gelap ya, Bu.”
: “He’eh. Saklarnya mana ya?”
Pada contoh di atas, tampak adanya
kecocokan persepsi antara Guru A dan B
bahwa ruangan tersebut gelap. Guru B
mengiyakan pernyataan Guru A bahwa
ruangan gelap dan kemudian mencari
saklar yang member makna perlu
menyalakan lampu agar ruangan menjadi
terang.
THE SYMPATHY
MAXIM
The sympathy maxim states: 'minimize antipathy between
self and other; maximize sympathy between self and other.'
This includes a small group of speech acts such as
congratulation, commiseration, and expressing condolences
- all of which is in accordance with Brown and Levinson's
positive politeness strategy of attending to the hearer's
interests, wants, and needs.
I am sorry to hear about your father.
Mahasiswa A : “Mas, aku akan
ujian tesis minggu depan.”
Mahasiswa B : “Wah, selamat ya.
Semoga sukses.”
IRONICAL PRINCIPLE
Irony indicates that what is meant is the contradictory of
what is said. The use of irony is intentional. In other word, we
employ this linguistic device in utterance if we want the
addressee to encode the extra meaning hidden in the ironical
remark. Irony is contradicting either what the speaker has
said or usually says, or, contradicting what the take to be
true. To read the irony a hearer or reader do not just have to
know the context, but also have to be committed to specific
beliefs and positions within that context (Colebrook, 2004:
166, Martina Stykatova, 2009: 53).
TYPES OF IRONY
Verbal irony is a disparity of expression and intention: when
a speaker says one thing but means another, or when a literal
meaning is contrary to its intended effect. An example of this
is when someone says "Oh, that's beautiful", when what they
mean (probably conveyed by their tone) is they find "that"
quite ugly.
It's kind of ironic that if I get my Ph.D., I'll be a real doctor.
Marcia Cross
It is an ironic habit of human beings to run faster when we
have lost our way.
Rollo May
It's ironic …
At times like this you (American Judeo-christian) pray
but a bomb blew the mosque up yesterday
there's bombs on the busses , bikes, roads
inside your market your shops, your clothes.
(Linkin’ Park “Hands held high”)
Dramatic irony is a disparity of awareness between actor and
observer: when words and actions possess a significance
that the listener or audience understands, but the speaker or
character does not, for example when a character says to
another "I'll see you tomorrow!" when the audience (but not
the character) knows that the character will die before
morning.
An old man turned ninety-eight
He won the lottery and died the next day
It's a black fly in your Chardonnay
It's a death row pardon two minutes too late
And isn't it ironic...
don't you think
(Alanis Morissette “ironic”)