Transcript HIS 106 Chapter 28

HIS 106
Chapter 28
India, Islamic
Heartlands, & Africa
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Europeans spread their culture
They took colonies and made radical
changes to the land and people they took
Direct rule: the conqueror is the ruler, no
middleman
Indirect rule: uses a middleman
Those being conquered fought back but lost
European weapons were far superior
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Natives used other ways to fight back
Nationalism – the belief that those who share
a common background, history, ethnic group
should have their own nation-state
It was aimed at the colonizers
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Before the 20th century, religion, a tribe, or a
monarch held traditional societies together
Then nationalism began to take hold and
unite people against their colonizers
Political movements of the early 20th century
were dedicated to the overthrow of colonial
rule
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Modern nationalism was a reaction against
colonialism – started by the educated elite
and then spread to the masses
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Initially, those who rebelled were trying to
defend some tradition, ex: Sepoy Mutiny of
1857
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The Sepoys were native Indian troops hired by
the British East India Company to protect British
interests in India
They were asked to use a muzzle loader rifle that
used paper cartridges covered with animal fat and
lard
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The cartridge had to be bitten off and that broke
the rules of Hinduism and Islam
The Sepoys’ protests became a full-fledged
mutiny
They had no larger goals at this early date, and
the mutiny was put down by the British
It was a bloody conflict
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The first resistance to the West in Asia and
Africa failed because they weren’t organized
and had no real goals
The second phase of resistance was led by
the better educated members of the middle
class, many of whom had been schooled in
the West like Mohandas Gandhi who led a
non-violent resistance movement against the
British in India
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Many of these native intellectuals/leaders
eventually blended their traditions with
Western ideas to gain independence
The true push for independence in many of
the colonies came in the 1930s
They just had to figure out the best way to
get rid of their colonizers
India
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In the early 19th century, religion gave most
Indians their identity
By the end of the 19th century, Indians were
focusing on themselves as a people, a
nation, and Britain was their enemy
These early nationalists first wanted reform,
not revolution
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They realized that India needed to modernize
first, or it would never survive as a nation
This was the view of Gopal Gokhale, a
moderate nationalist, and India did get some
self-government from the British as a result
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Other Indian nationalists, with the help of
some British, formed the Indian National
Congress (INC) in 1885
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They hoped to speak for all of India
They did not demand immediate independence
They accepted the need to change some of their
traditions like sati and child marriage
They wanted a say in governing India
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The British gave them a few concessions
Both Hindus and Muslims belonged to the
INC, and they didn’t always agree on what
was best for India
In to this came Mohandas Gandhi
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born in 1869
son of a government minister
studied in London to be a lawyer
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went to South Africa in 1893 to defend Indian
emigres working there
became aware of racial prejudice there and tried
to change attitudes and laws with his non-violent
movement
returned to India in 1913, began helping the poor
and became involved in the Indian independence
movement
Gandhi and his followers spoke out against the
British – non-violently
asked Indians to disobey British rules
– tried to set up small industry in Indian villages, so
Indians would not be as dependent on the British,
ex.: Cloth industry
– worked toward Indian self-sufficiency
People in India and in other areas of the world
revered Gandhi and Indians gave him the name,
Mahatma meaning “great soul”
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Gandhi’s work continued
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called for mass protests and civil disobedience
Amritsar – Indians gathered here in 1919 for a
religious festival, but they talked politics;
gatherings were forbidden and the British opened
fire killing hundreds; Gandhi arrested for his
influence
the British got a lot of bad press whenever they
attacked non-violent Indians
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Even from jail, Gandhi asked Indians to join
in non-cooperation
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refuse to work for the British
refuse to pay taxes
refuse to use British products
refuse to associate with the British
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There were other campaigns for civil
disobedience
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1930-1932 – campaign against the British salt tax
and their monopoly on Indian salt; Gandhi and
200 followers marched to the sea and picked up
lumps of salt as a symbolic gesture of taking back
what was truly theirs
1940-1943 – campaign against fighting in World
War II as British subjects
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The bad press the British kept getting when
they stood up to the Indians forced them to
give concessions:
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Government of India Act, 1921 – gave Indians a
larger role in governing with a bicameral
parliament – 2/3 elected, local councils, and 5
million could vote
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Two prominent Indians working for
independence were:
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Motilal Nehru – INC member who pushed
aggressively for independence
Jawaharlal Nehru – son of Motilal who also
worked to oust the British; schooled in Britain and
was an upper-class Brahman; tried to work with
Gandhi for independence but there were
problems
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There were so many problems between
Muslims and Hindus that Muslims called for
their own state of Pakistan
British presence in India seemed to prevent
civil war
By the 1940s, many started to believe that
non-violence and civil disobedience would
not rid India of the British
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Finally, the British granted independence to
India on 15 August 1947 only if there were a
Muslim state and a Hindu state -- divide up
India
Gandhi was against this; he still believed
everyone could get along
But East Pakistan and West Pakistan were
created for Muslims out of India
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What remained of India was for Hindus
In January 1948, Gandhi was killed by an
extremist Hindu who felt Gandhi was in the
way by still talking of a united India
Ottomans
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Ottoman Empire had weakened because it
had:
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A series of weak Sultans
ministers, religious experts, and Janissaries
competing for power
landowners who cheated the Sultan out of the
taxes owed; they took taxes paid by peasants for
themselves
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Christian and Jewish merchants were dealing
with Europeans more and more
European goods were flooding the market hurting
home industries
more money was being paid to Europeans than
Ottoman merchants, and that meant less money
in the Sultan’s treasury
no money to update the military or to get new
weapons
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That made it easier for other countries to
take Ottoman lands, ex.: Russians and
Habsburgs
What money there was was spent by the
Sultan on luxuries
The Ottomans did survive until 1919
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the British helped to prop them up
some reforms were attempted
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Selim III (r. 1789-1807)
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had a reform program to improve government
efficiency and to build a new army and navy
his reforms angered the military, especially the
Janissaries
Selim lost his throne and his life in a coup in 1807
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Mahmud II
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came in later in the 19th century
built up his own army before he began his reforms
when the janissaries revolted, they were defeated
by Mahmud’s private army
then he set up a diplomatic corps and exchanged
ambassadors with European nations
he westernized the army and navy using
Europeans to train them
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Between 1839 and 1876, he enacted the rest
of his reforms known as the Tanzimat
Reforms
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Set up western university education
Trained students in Western math and sciences
Set up a telegraph in 1830s
Built railroad in 1860s
Allowed for newspapers and legal reforms in
1876, based on the European model
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Not everyone liked these Westernizing
reforms
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Artisans objected to a trade treaty with Britain that
removed import taxes from British goods
Trade was more open and unprotected
Women got nothing from the Tanzimat Reforms
There was talk about ending seclusion and veiling
In the end, these reforms were not made
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Abdul Hamid, (r. 1878-1908)
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nullified many of the reforms already made
including the constitution, civil liberties, and
freedom of the press
he kept the telegraph, railroads, and Western
education
he had dissidents tortured and killed
he was removed from the throne by Westerneducated dissidents and the military
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Military officers then came to power in 1908
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restored the constitution
restored freedom of the press
promised education reforms and reforms for
women
Factional fighting and World War I kept these
promises from being fulfilled.
There were also rebellions in their African teritories
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It would not be until the 1920s with Mustafa
Kemal that things would change
A Turkish Nationalist Movement began after
World War I under the leadership of Mustafa
Kemal
These nationalists wanted Turkey to become
a nation-state and not a mandate of the
British or French
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Mustafa Kemal told the League of Nations
that Turkey would Westernize, if independent
By 1922, Turkey was declared a republic
with Mustafa Kemal as its first president
He made the promised social and political
changes
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Turkey became a pro-Western, secular,
nationalist republic
Political changes:
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abolished Islamic influence in government
religion became a matter of conscience
the legal system was secularized and adopted
Western codes of law
one-party system established
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Social and Cultural Changes:
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Western-style dress for men
veiling for women was discouraged
polygamy was abolished
a civil ceremony was mandatory
education for women improved and they were
encouraged to take part in public life
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women could take part in all elections by 1934
Western-style family names were adopted
had a modified Latin alphabet
purified the language of Islamic terms
literacy doubled by 1940
Mustafa Kemal changed his name to Ataturk,
Father Turk.
He died in 1938
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By the time of his death, Ataturk had not
made any radical redistribution of wealth
His economic changes were few, but he did
institute soviet-style centralized planning for
economic development and set up iron and
steel mills for import substitution
He did little to reform agriculture
Iran
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From 1794-1925, Iran was ruled by the Qajar
Dynasty
When one Shah tried to reform the country,
he met with resistance from the Shi’ite
population
The Shah then asked Russia and Britain for
protection
Those against this protection formed the
Persian Nationalist Movement
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In 1906, the reigning Shah was forced to give
the people a constitution, but he kept the
protection of Britain and Russia who
proceeded to divide up the country into
spheres of influence; oil had been discovered
there and the profits went to Britain and
Russia
In 1921, a new Shah seized power
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Reza Khan
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seized power in 1921 with the idea of establishing
a republic; he was prevented by traditional forces
so he set up the Pahlavi Dynasty instead in 1925
became an effective modernizing ruler by creating
a modern army, a new university, and a railroad
Reza Khan abdicated the throne in 1941 and his
son took the throne
Mohammad Reza Shah then ruled from 1941 to
1979 when he was forced from power
Saudi Arabia
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In the early 1920s, Ibn Saud united Arab
tribes in the northern part of the Arabian
peninsula and established the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia by 1932
Africa
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As Europeans began outlawing slavery,
legitimate trade began – trade in raw
materials like palm nuts, palm oil, peanuts,
timber, and hides
Europeans sent in traders, explorers, and
missionaries
To protect their interests, Europeans set up
settlements and sent in government officials
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This caused tensions with the Africans
When Africans tried to protect and defend
their territory, Europeans annexed their
territory
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Ex.; Gold Coast was the first British colony taken
in 1874
British had superior weapons
Used direct/indirect rule
Quinine made exploration and capture of the
interior of Africa possible
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White settlement of South Africa
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17th century: Dutch East India Community set up
a station at the Cape of Good Hope
1657: colonization was allowed; Dutch-speaking,
slave-owning, agricultural community developed
They were called Boers (Dutch for peasant or
farmer)
They felt entitled to 6,000 acres each
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The Boers moved in and pushed the Bantu
tribe out
Bantus moved into Zulu territory which
resulted in a conflict called the Mfecane or
the crushing
Zulus fought back in one of the most widely
devastating upheavals of the 19th century
Zulus remained independent until the late
1870s
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As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the
British were given control of the Cape of
Good Hope in 1806
Boers resented British presence
1820s: British settlers arrived and
disapproved of Boer lifestyle – slavery
1830s: some Boers began to move away
from the Cape of Good Hope; founded Natal
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1830s: British gave Cape of Good Hope a
constitution and a parliamentary
government; this included non-racial
franchise
Differences between the 2 groups gave rise
to Afrikaner nationalism
1845: British annexed Natal
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The Boers moved again and set up 2 new
republics: the Orange Free State and the
Transvaal
The British recognized them in 1852 and in
1854
At that point, South Africa had 2 British
colonies and 2 Dutch republics
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1867: diamonds were discovered near the
junction of the Orange and Transvaal Rivers
on the western edge of the Orange Free
State
Both the British and the Boers wanted this
diamond territory; the British got it
1886: gold was discovered in the Transvaal
at Witwatersrand near Johannesburg and a
gold rush ensued
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The British built railroads to get the gold; the
Boers felt threatened
Many British entrepreneurs like Cecil
Rhodes moved in
Cecil Rhodes became Prime Minister of
Cape Colony in 1890s and tried to
destabilize Transvaal government; it didn’t
work and that ended Rhodes political career
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War broke out between the British and the
Boers – Boer War 1899-1902; British won
After the war, the British moved towards
unification; Natal, Cape Colony, Transvaal,
and Orange Free State became the Union of
South Africa – a dominion
Dutch and English were the official
languages
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Voting rights remained as they had been
before the war, so there would be no voting
by blacks in the former Boer republics
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Other areas in Africa, both in the East and in
the West, set up strong trade states
They dealt in slaves, ivory, copper, gum, and
palm oil
They traded these for Indian cloth, firearms,
and manufactured goods
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By 1800, Islam had taken root in various
parts of north, west, central, and east Africa
It often blended with some traditional
practices
During the 19th century, there were jihads or
holy wars, a revivalist movement
They tried to spread Islam to even more
places in Afria
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In a way, this helped combat the Christian
missionary work performed by Europeans
Europeans did not appreciate the African
culture; they saw it as “degraded” and
wanted to change it
They set up schools, taught reading, and
wrote about their experiences to others who
then wanted to visit Africa
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One missionary dedicated to Africa and its
people was Dr. David Livingstone
Many who went to Africa became ill:
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Malaria
Yellow Fever
Sleeping sickness
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Toward the end of the 19th century, we find
the Scramble for Africa
This was competition for colonies by
European nations that wished to be seen as
great nations
For that you needed colonies
Page 633 - Chart
Rise of Nationalism in Africa
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Took hold especially after World War I
Africans had been good enough to fight and
die for the colonizers, but apparently, they
weren’t good enough to have a say in their
governments
They were supposed to be subservient again
after the war
Some concessions were given to quiet them
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After World War II, Africans pressed for and
finally got their independence
For most, this occurred in the 1960s
They then had to take over and run the
institutions and systems left to them by the
West – without training