Transcript AP World History: Napoleon

AP World History: Napoleon
Period 5
1750 - 1900
Did you know? Napoleon was 5’6 which was taller than the average Frenchman at
the time (5’3). Historians believe that the belief Napoleon was short was due to
British propaganda.
I Napoleon’s Early Career
A) Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August 15,
1769, in Ajaccio, on the Mediterranean island of
Corsica. His parents were members of the minor
Corsican nobility, but he family was not wealthy.
The year before Napoleon’s birth, France acquired
Corsica from the Italian city-state of Genoa.
Napoleon later adopted a French spelling of his
last name.
B) Napoleon attended school in mainland France,
learned the French language, and graduated from
a French military academy in 1785. He then
became a second lieutenant in an artillery
regiment of the French army. The French
Revolution began in 1789. During the early years
of the revolution, Napoleon was largely on leave
from the military and home in Corsica, where he
became affiliated with the Jacobins. In 1793,
following a clash with the nationalist Corsican
governor, Pasquale Paoli, the Bonaparte family
fled their native island for mainland France, where
Napoleon returned to military duty.
"I was born when [Corsica] was
perishing. Thirty thousand
Frenchmen spewed on to our
shores, drowning the throne of
liberty in waves of blood... The
cries of the dying, the groans of
the oppressed and tears of
despair surrounded my cradle
from the hour of my birth.“ –
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon’s Early Career Continued…
C) In France, Napoleon became associated with Augustin Robespierre,
the brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre, a Jacobin
who was a key force behind the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), a period of
violence against enemies of the revolution. During this time, Napoleon
was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the army. However,
after Robespierre fell from power and was guillotined (along with
Augustin) in July 1794, Napoleon was briefly put under house arrest for
his ties to the brothers.
D) In 1795, Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection against the
revolutionary government in Paris and was promoted to major general.
Napoleon’s Early Career Continued…
E) In 1796, Napoleon commanded a French army that defeated the
larger armies of Austria, one of his country’s primary rivals, in a series of
battles in the Italian peninsula. In 1797, France and Austria signed the
Treaty of Campo Formio, resulting in territorial gains for the French.
F) The following year, the Directory, the five-person group that had
governed France since 1795, offered to let Napoleon lead an invasion of
England. Napoleon determined that France’s naval forces were not yet
ready to go up against the superior British Royal Navy. Instead, he
proposed an invasion of Egypt in an effort to wipe out British trade
routes with India. Napoleon’s troops scored a victory against Egypt’s
military rulers, the Mamluks, at the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798;
soon, however, his forces were stranded after his naval fleet was nearly
decimated by the British at the Battle of the Nile in August 1798. In
early 1799, Napoleon’s army launched an invasion of Ottoman-ruled
Syria, which ended with the failed siege of Acre, located in modern-day
Israel. That summer, Napoleon opted to abandon his army in Egypt and
return to France.
Napoleon in Egypt
“On July 1, 1798, Napoleon landed in Egypt with 400 ships and 54,000 men and proceeded to invade the
country, as he had recently invaded Italy. But this Egyptian invasion was to be different; it was a military
failure but a cultural success. For, in addition to soldiers and sailors, Napoleon brought along 150 savants —
scientists, engineers and scholars whose responsibility was to capture, not Egyptian soil, but Egyptian culture
and history. And while the military invasion was an ultimate failure, the scholarly one was successful beyond
anyone’s expectations. Meticulous topographical surveys were made, native animals and plants were
studied, minerals were collected and classified, local trades and industry were scrutinized. Most famously,
ancient Egypt was discovered — the temples and tombs of Luxor, Philae, Dendera, and the Valley of the
Kings. Each of these sites was measured, mapped, and drawn, recording in meticulous detail a pharaonic
Egypt never before glimpsed by the outside world… After their return to France in 1801, they continued to
organize materials, and finally, in 1809, the first volumes of the Description de l'Égypte were published. Ohand the Rosetta Stone was discovered! But… On August 1, 1798, Admiral Horatio Nelson's fleet decimated
his forces in the Battle of the Nile. Napoleon's image was greatly harmed by the loss, and in a show of
newfound confidence against the commander, Britain, Austria, Russia and Turkey formed a new coalition
against France. In the spring of 1799, French armies were defeated in Italy, forcing France to give up much of
the peninsula.” –lindahall.org
Napoleon’s Early Career Continued…
G) In November 1799, in an event known as the coup of 18 Brumaire,
Napoleon was part of a group that successfully overthrew the French
Directory.
I) The Directory was replaced with a three-member Consulate, and
Napoleon became first consul, making him France’s leading political
figure. In June 1800, at the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon’s forces
defeated one of France’s perennial enemies, the Austrians, and drove
them out of Italy. The victory helped cement Napoleon’s power as first
consul. In 1802, he made himself sole “Consul for Life.” In 1804 he
crowned himself Emperor of France.
Europe in 1800
II The Reign of Napoleon I
A) From 1803 to 1815, France was
engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series
of major conflicts with various coalitions
of European nations.
B) In 1803, partly as a means to raise
funds for future wars, Napoleon sold
France’s Louisiana Territory in North
America to the newly independent United
States for $15 million, a transaction that
later became known as the Louisiana
Purchase.
C) In October 1805, the British wiped out
Napoleon’s fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar
off the coast of Spain. However, in
December of that same year, Napoleon
achieved one of his greatest victories at
the Battle of Austerlitz, in which his army
defeated the Austrians and Russians. The
victory resulted in the dissolution of the
Holy Roman Empire and the creation of
the Confederation of the Rhine.
In 5 hours of fighting, the British
destroyed 19 enemy ships at the
Battle of Trafalgar!
The Confederation of the Rhine
The Confederation of the Rhine was formed in 1806 when 16 German
minor states decided to throw their nations' futures in with Napoleon
Bonaparte and ally themselves with France. A further 19 joined later.
The more than 15 million people living within the Confederation
provided both a physical barrier against enemies on France's eastern
borders and also sent large contingents of troops to join its armies. Key
members included Bavaria (3.5 million subjects), Saxony (2 million), and
Westphalia (2 million).
The Reign of Napoleon I Continued…
D) Beginning in 1806, Napoleon sought to wage large-scale economic
warfare against Britain with the establishment of the Continental
System of European port blockades against British trade.
The Reign of Napoleon I Continued…
E) Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated in the French
Revolution) and began handing out titles of nobility to his loyal friends
and family across much of western and central continental Europe.
F) Social Reforms:
1. Napoleon established the Banque de France in 1800 to foster renewed economic
growth
2. The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope
Pius VII that reestablished the Roman Catholic Church in France.
3. Lycées were established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. They were
divided into three types having different areas of specialization: classical studies,
modern studies, and scientific-technological studies.
4. The Code Napoleon of 1803 reformed the French legal code to reflect the principles
of the French Revolution, and to create one law code for France. It divided civil law
into:
Personal status.
Property.
The acquisition of property.
Napoleonic Code
Napoleon’s Family
Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia.
Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain
Louise Bonaparte  King of Holland
Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy
Napoléon Francis Joseph
Charles (son) King of
Rome
Elisa Bonaparte  Grand
Duchess of Tuscany
Caroline Bonaparte  Queen
of Naples
III The Downfall of Napoleon
A) In 1810, Russia withdrew from the Continental System. In retaliation,
Napoleon led a massive army into Russia in the summer of 1812. Rather
than engaging the French in a full-scale battle, the Russians adopted a
strategy of retreating whenever Napoleon’s forces attempted to attack.
As a result, Napoleon’s troops trekked deeper into Russia despite being
ill-prepared for an extended campaign. Napoleon’s forces marched on to
Moscow, only to discover almost the entire population evacuated.
Retreating Russians set fires across the city in an effort to deprive
enemy troops of supplies. After waiting a month for a surrender that
never came, Napoleon, faced with the onset of the Russian winter, was
forced to order his starving, exhausted army out of Moscow. Of
Napoleon’s 600,000 troops who began the campaign, only an estimated
100,000 made it out of Russia.
Napoleon Gets His Butt Kicked In Russia!
The Downfall of Napoleon Continued…
B) At the same time as the catastrophic Russian invasion, French forces
were engaged in the Peninsular War (1808-1814), which resulted in the
Spanish and Portuguese, with assistance from the British, driving the
French from the Iberian Peninsula. This loss was followed in 1813 by
the Battle of Leipzig (or the “Battle of Nations”), in which Napoleon’s
forces were defeated by a coalition that included Austrian, Prussian,
Russian and Swedish troops. Napoleon then retreated to France, and in
March 1814 coalition forces captured Paris.
C) On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to
abdicate the throne. With the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he was exiled to
Elba, a Mediterranean island off the coast of Italy. He was given
sovereignty over the small island, while his wife and son went to Austria.
Napoleon in Exile on Elba
The Downfall of Napoleon Continued…
D) On February 26, 1815, after less than a year in exile, Napoleon
escaped Elba and sailed to the French mainland with a group of more
than 1,000 supporters. On March 20, he returned to Paris, where he was
welcomed by cheering crowds. The new king, Louis XVIII (1755-1824),
fled, and Napoleon began what came to be known as his Hundred Days
campaign.
E) Upon Napoleon’s return to France, a coalition of allies–the Austrians,
British, Prussians and Russians–who considered the French emperor an
enemy began to prepare for war. Napoleon raised a new army and
planned to strike preemptively. In June 1815, his forces invaded
Belgium, where British and Prussian troops were stationed. On June 18,
at the Battle of Waterloo near Brussels, the French were crushed by the
British, with assistance from the Prussians. On June 22, 1815, Napoleon
was once again forced to abdicate.
The Downfall of Napoleon Continued…
In October 1815, Napoleon was exiled to the remote, British-held island
of Saint Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean. He died there on May 5,
1821, at age 51, most likely from stomach cancer. Napoleon was buried
on the island despite his request to be laid to rest “on the banks of the
Seine, among the French people I have loved so much.” In 1840, his
remains were returned to France and entombed in a crypt at Les
Invalides in Paris.
IV Congress of Vienna
A) Emperor Napoleon was defeated (for the first time) in May 1814. The
victorious Great Powers (Russia, Great Britain, Austria and Prussia) met
at the Congress of Vienna to restore a balance of power.
B) The first priority of the Congress of Vienna was to deal with territorial
issues: a new configuration of German states, the reorganization of
central Europe, and the borders of central Italy. Other matters included:
the rights of German Jews, the abolition of the slave trade, the
restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples, the
constitution of Switzerland, and the foundation of a new German
confederation to replace the defunct Holy Roman Empire. The main
policy governing the Congress was that of compensation.
Congress of Vienna Continued…
C) Results: Nations and rulers were "punished" or "rewarded" according
to the part that they played in the Napoleonic Wars. The Congress
recognized the earlier transfer of Norway from Denmark (which had not
opposed Napoleon sufficiently) to Sweden (which joined in several
alliances against Napoleon). Austria received Lombardy-Venetia and
part of Poland. The Congress recognized Russia's right to retain Finland
(seized from Sweden in 1809) and most of Poland. Prussia retained part
of Poland and was awarded territory in the Rhineland and part of
Saxony (which had supported Napoleon). Great Britain was permitted to
keep its colonies of South Africa and Ceylon (Sri Lanka), which it had
seized from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. Italy remained
divided. The various German states were loosely joined in the German
Confederation under the leadership of Austria.
D) In March 1815, in the midst of these negotiations, Napoleon escaped
from his exile on Elba and re-occupied the throne of France, starting the
Hundred Days. The allies defeated him at Waterloo on June 18th, 1815,
nine days after having signed the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna.
Napoleon was shipped to St Helena where he died.
Europe After the Congress of Vienna
V The Haitian Revolution
A) Two months after his defeat of
Napoleon Bonaparte’s colonial forces,
Jean-Jacques Dessalines proclaimed the
independence of Saint-Domingue,
renaming it Haiti after its original Arawak
name.
B) In 1791, a slave revolt erupted on the
French colony, and Toussaint-Louverture,
a former slave, took control of the rebels.
Toussaint organized an effective guerrilla
war against the island’s colonial
population. In 1795 he made peace with
revolutionary France following its
abolishment of slavery. Toussaint
became governor-general of the colony
and in 1801 conquered the Spanish
portion of island, freeing the slaves
there.
“I was born a slave, but nature gave me
a soul of a free man….”
“In overthrowing me, you have done no
more than cut down the trunk of the
tree of the black liberty in St-Domingueit will spring back form the roots, for
they are numerous and deep.”
Toussaint Louverture
The Haitian Revolution Continued…
C) In January 1802, an invasion force ordered by Napoleon landed on
Saint-Domingue, and after several months of furious fighting, Toussaint
agreed to a cease-fire. He retired to his plantation but in 1803 was
arrested and taken to a dungeon in the French Alps, where he was
tortured and died in April.
D) Soon after Toussaint’s arrest, Napoleon announced his intention to
reintroduce slavery on Haiti, and General Dessalines led a new revolt
against French rule. With the aid of the British, the rebels scored a
major victory against the French force there, and on November 9, 1803,
colonial authorities surrendered.
E) In 1804, General Dessalines assumed dictatorial power, and Haiti
became the second independent nation in the Americas. Later that year,
Dessalines proclaimed himself Emperor Jacques I. He was killed putting
down a revolt two years later.
The Haitian Revolution Continued…
“My decision to destroy the authority of the blacks in Saint Domingue
(Haiti) is not so much based on considerations of commerce and money,
as on the need to block for ever the march of the blacks in the world.”
Napoleon Bonaparte
The Restoration of Slavery in the French Colonies under Napoleon
“In the colonies restored to France in fulfillment of the treaty of Amiens of 6
Germinal, Year X, slavery shall be maintained in conformity with the laws and
regulations in force prior to 1789.
The same shall be done in the other French colonies beyond the Cape of Good
Hope.
The trade in the blacks and their importation into the said colonies shall take
place in conformity with the laws and regulations existing prior to the said date
of 1789.
Notwithstanding all previous laws, the government of the colonies is subject for
ten years to the regulations which shall be made by the Government.”
HW Questions
1. How did Napoleon become dictator of France? Describe the key
events that led to his power claim.
2. Describe any two of Napoleon’s reforms. How did they impact
France?
3. In your opinion, what were two of Napoleon’s greatest victories?
Explain your answer.
4. Why did Napoleon try to invade Russia? Why did it fail? Do you
think Napoleon made a key mistake or was just unlucky? Explain
your answer.
5. How did Napoleon’s empire crumble?
6. Describe and explain Napoleon’s involvement in Haiti.
7. Do you think Napoleon’s reign was positive or negative for France?
Explain your answer.
8. How did Europe change after the Congress of Vienna?
9. Fill in your period 5 chart for Napoleon and the Haitian Revolution.
Key Vocabulary
100 Days Campaign
Augustin Robespierre
Banque de France
Battle at Trafalgar
Battle of Austerlitz
Battle of Leipzig
Battle of the Nile
Battle of the Pyramids
Battle of Waterloo
Code Napoleon
Concordat of 1801
Confederation of the Rhine
Congress of Vienna
Corsica
coup of 18 Brumaire
Directory
Elba
Emperor Jacques I
First Consul
General Dessalines
Haiti
Haitian Revolution
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
King Louis XVIII
Louisiana Purchase
Lycees
Mamluks
Maximilien Robespierre
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleonic Wars
Peninsular War
Rosetta Stone
Saint-Domingue
St. Helena
three-member Consulate
Toussaint-Louverture
Treaty of Campo Formio
Treaty of Fontainebleau